Pathophysiology EXAM 4 UTA 2020 Questions & Answers

pituitary gland - ANSWERSThe endocrine system's most influential gland. Under the influence of the hypothalamus, the pituitary Is MASTER GLAND and regulates growth and controls other endocrine glands. ACTH, TSH and ADH important in this unit. ACTH - ANSWERSAdrenocorticotropic hormone- stimulates the action of adrenal gland to secrete glucocorticoids like cortisol. ADH - ANSWERSantidiuretic hormone (vasopressin) that works on Kidney and smooth muscles. Part of RAAS. Causes vasoconstriction and reabsorption of H2O TSH - ANSWERSthyroid stimulating hormone that acts on the thyroid gland. Stimulates T3, T4, calcitonin and Thyroxine. Diabetes Insipidus - ANSWERSCaused by hyposecretion of ADH which causes little to no reabsorption of H2O. Results in polyuria, increased thirst, high B osmolarity which results in general signs of dehydration. diabetes insipidus etiology - ANSWERSTwo possible 1. Kidneys no longer respond to ADH 2. Brain no longer secretion or lessening of secretions (maybe tumor or edema) SIADH - ANSWERSsyndrome of inappropriate hyper antidiuretic hormone. That causes excess retention of water resulting in BP increase (increased stroke volume), generalized edema. SIADH etiology - ANSWERS1. Drugs--> especially anesthetics 2. Trauma; brain tumor etc... 3. Neoplastic disease ; ectopic production of hormone T3 and T4 function - ANSWERSmetabolism Calcitonin function - ANSWERSLowers blood calcium levels by triggering uptake in bones. Hyperthyroidism - ANSWERSexcessive activity of the thyroid gland that can be due to cancer autoimmune dz or overactive pituitary. Hyperthyroidism autoimmune - ANSWERSGrave's dz Hyperthyroidism labs - ANSWERST3, T4 and and TSH S/S of hyperthyroidism - ANSWERSSame as hypermetabolism... agitated, exopthalmus, nervous, diarrhea, hot, ^HR, ^BP, thin, hyperactive r thyrotoxic crisis - ANSWERSaka Thyroid storm- toxic condition characterized by hyperthermia, tachycardia, nervous symptoms, and rapid metabolism. Tx Hyperthyroid: - ANSWERSThyroidectomy, meds-radioactive iodine or thioamide (inhibits incorp of I into hormones) Hypothyroidism etiology - ANSWERSlow levels of thyroid hormone due to hypoactive thyroid gland from congenital defect, removal or destruction of arts of the gland autoimmune, endemic iodine deficiency. Hypothyroidism autoimmune - ANSWERSHashimotos Hypothyroidism S/S - ANSWERSSame as hypometabolism ie, tired, sluggish Cold intolerant obese decreased hr, p, rr Hypothroidism labs - ANSWERSlow T3/T4 High TSH Myxedema coma - ANSWERSextreme hypothyroidism(abrupt med cessation), rare with a high mortality rate = decreased cardiac output leads to decreased tissue perfusion which leads to brain and organ depletion leading to multi-organ failure Tx hypothyroidism - ANSWERSadministration of thyroid hormones- levothyroxine or synthroid. DOSED IM MICROGRAMS Screening at birth is mandatory. Early detection is critical to prevent mental retardation. What hormones regulate calcium? - ANSWERSparathyroid hormone and calcitonin Osteoclasts are - ANSWERScells that break down bone matrix Osteoblasts are - ANSWERSbone forming cells Osteoporosis - ANSWERSA condition in which the body's bones become weak and break easily. Osteoblast activity cannot kep up with osteoclast. Calcium affects nervous tissue - ANSWERSHypercalcemia causes depression of nervous system Hypocalcemia cause excitation of nervous system Calcium affects clotting - ANSWERSIntermediary for clot calcium = diminished clotting ability Excess serum calcium levels - ANSWERScan result in kidney stones and hypoactivity of muscles Cushing's disease - ANSWERSElevated cortisol and aldosterone leading to reuptake of water and NA and stress response. Two components of cushings - ANSWERS1. Hypercortisolism due to excess ACTH or adrenal cortex malfunction 2. Hyperaldosteronism: BP affected S/S of Cushing's Syndrome? - ANSWERSMoon face, buffalo hump, thin legs and bones, striae (stretch marks), male breasts, hirstusism, hypokalemia, weight gain muscle weakness and wasting. Addisons dz - ANSWERSCHRONIC primary adrenal insufficiency Addisons etiology - ANSWERS-Autoimmune, infection, cancer; risks; surgery, preg, accident Addisons tx - ANSWERSReplacement hormones: hydrocortisone (glucocorticoid) + fludrocortisone (mineralcorticoid) only glucocorticoids in secondary Diabetes mellitus - ANSWERSthink sweet (excess sugar in urine). Cells cannot adequately bring glucose into cells due to inability to produce insulin (T1) or insensitivity to insulin (T2). DMellitis labs - ANSWERSA1-C: looks at blood glucose levels over several months (RBC glucose binding) Serum fasting glucose (70-99 normal) Normal A1C level - ANSWERS4-6%