NUR 2063 Essential of Pathophysiology
1. Symptoms: Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient
2. sign: If the doctor, nurse, or anyone notice evidence of disease such as a fever
3. Homeostasis: A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state;
the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a
particular level
4. Epinephrine is released during a stress response True or False: True; Aka
Adrenaline
5. function of mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell, ATP production, and
Production of the cell energy.
6. The effective of the RAAS system - renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:
is essential for long-term blood pressure regulation. It involves a complex
system of hormones, proteins and enzymes.
7. vasodilation: A widening and increase of the diameter of a blood vessel.
8. vasoconstriction: Reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the
diameter of superficial blood vessels.
9. Hyperplasia: the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal
increase in the number of cells in the tissues.
10. Apply the concept of homeostasis:
1.Stimulus produce change in variable (body temperature falls),
2.Receptor detect change (detected by thermoreceptors in skin),
3.Information sent along Afferent pathway to control center, 4. Control centre
process message (in the thermoregulatory centre in brain).
11. Endoplasmic Reticulum: an internal membrane system in which components
of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed. (Smooth & Rough ER)
12. Function of hormone renin: Renin is an enzyme that helps control your blood
pressure and maintain healthy levels of sodium and potassium in your body.
(When blood volume or sodium levels in the body are low, or blood potassium
is high, cells in the kidney release the enzyme, renin. Renin converts
angiotensinogen, which is produced in the liver, to the hormone angiotensin I.)
13. Hydrostatic pressure capillaries: The pressure that blood exerts in the
capillaries is known as blood pressure. The force of hydrostatic pressure means
that as blood moves along the capillary, fluid moves out through its pores and
into the interstitial space.
14. Increased hydrostatic capillary action causes edema (T/F): (True) Edema-
Is swelling or excessive fluid.
, include high venous pressure (e.g., heart failure, venous blockage) or excessive
fluid and sodium retention (e.g, acute renal failure).
15. What body functions cause fluid volume deficits?: Blood loss from
cuts/wounds Through the gastrointestinal system: vomiting and diarrhea
Abnormally excessive urination (polyuria); can be caused by excessive intake
of diuretic substances or medications or from renal disorder.
16. Tetany: a symptom characterized by the involuntary contraction of muscles that
leads to painful muscle cramps, spasms of the voice box (i.e., larynx), and
sensory disturbances.
17. What electrolyte is associated with muscular tetany?: Hypocalcemia - aka
LOW calcium
tetany (muscle twitching/spasms)
18. Symptoms of dehydration: thirst, headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, dry
eyes, dry mouth, dark-colored urine
19. Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
20. Clinical manifestations of fluid excess: peripheral edema, periorbital edema,
anasarca, cerebral edema, dyspnea, bounding pulse, tachycardia, jugular vein
distension, hypertension, polyuria, rapid weight gain, crackles, and bulging
fontanelles.
21. 2 Electrolytes that contains higher levels of extracellular fluid?: (Sodium
and Chloride.) in biology, body fluid that is not contained in cells. It is found in blood,
in lymph, in body cavities lined with serous (moisture-exuding) membrane, in the
cavities and channels of the brain and spinal cord, and in muscular and other body
tissues.
22. Intracellular fluid contains higher levels of which electrolyte?:
(Potassium) The fluid is often secreted by cells to provide a constant
environment for cellular operations.
23. Fluid loss from the body occurs in which ways?: Gastrointestinal losses
(vomiting, diarrhea, and nasogastric suctioning)
Excessive diaphoresis (sweating)
Hemorrhage
Diabetes mellitus (which causes renal glucose excretion and, in turn, results in
water losses)
Diabetes insipidus (an inability to concentrate urine, leading to excessive water
loss).
1. Symptoms: Subjective characteristics of disease felt only by the patient
2. sign: If the doctor, nurse, or anyone notice evidence of disease such as a fever
3. Homeostasis: A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal state;
the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a
particular level
4. Epinephrine is released during a stress response True or False: True; Aka
Adrenaline
5. function of mitochondria: powerhouse of the cell, ATP production, and
Production of the cell energy.
6. The effective of the RAAS system - renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system:
is essential for long-term blood pressure regulation. It involves a complex
system of hormones, proteins and enzymes.
7. vasodilation: A widening and increase of the diameter of a blood vessel.
8. vasoconstriction: Reduces blood flow and heat transfer by decreasing the
diameter of superficial blood vessels.
9. Hyperplasia: the enlargement of an organ or tissue because of an abnormal
increase in the number of cells in the tissues.
10. Apply the concept of homeostasis:
1.Stimulus produce change in variable (body temperature falls),
2.Receptor detect change (detected by thermoreceptors in skin),
3.Information sent along Afferent pathway to control center, 4. Control centre
process message (in the thermoregulatory centre in brain).
11. Endoplasmic Reticulum: an internal membrane system in which components
of cell membrane and some proteins are constructed. (Smooth & Rough ER)
12. Function of hormone renin: Renin is an enzyme that helps control your blood
pressure and maintain healthy levels of sodium and potassium in your body.
(When blood volume or sodium levels in the body are low, or blood potassium
is high, cells in the kidney release the enzyme, renin. Renin converts
angiotensinogen, which is produced in the liver, to the hormone angiotensin I.)
13. Hydrostatic pressure capillaries: The pressure that blood exerts in the
capillaries is known as blood pressure. The force of hydrostatic pressure means
that as blood moves along the capillary, fluid moves out through its pores and
into the interstitial space.
14. Increased hydrostatic capillary action causes edema (T/F): (True) Edema-
Is swelling or excessive fluid.
, include high venous pressure (e.g., heart failure, venous blockage) or excessive
fluid and sodium retention (e.g, acute renal failure).
15. What body functions cause fluid volume deficits?: Blood loss from
cuts/wounds Through the gastrointestinal system: vomiting and diarrhea
Abnormally excessive urination (polyuria); can be caused by excessive intake
of diuretic substances or medications or from renal disorder.
16. Tetany: a symptom characterized by the involuntary contraction of muscles that
leads to painful muscle cramps, spasms of the voice box (i.e., larynx), and
sensory disturbances.
17. What electrolyte is associated with muscular tetany?: Hypocalcemia - aka
LOW calcium
tetany (muscle twitching/spasms)
18. Symptoms of dehydration: thirst, headache, fatigue, loss of appetite, dry
eyes, dry mouth, dark-colored urine
19. Osmosis: Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane.
20. Clinical manifestations of fluid excess: peripheral edema, periorbital edema,
anasarca, cerebral edema, dyspnea, bounding pulse, tachycardia, jugular vein
distension, hypertension, polyuria, rapid weight gain, crackles, and bulging
fontanelles.
21. 2 Electrolytes that contains higher levels of extracellular fluid?: (Sodium
and Chloride.) in biology, body fluid that is not contained in cells. It is found in blood,
in lymph, in body cavities lined with serous (moisture-exuding) membrane, in the
cavities and channels of the brain and spinal cord, and in muscular and other body
tissues.
22. Intracellular fluid contains higher levels of which electrolyte?:
(Potassium) The fluid is often secreted by cells to provide a constant
environment for cellular operations.
23. Fluid loss from the body occurs in which ways?: Gastrointestinal losses
(vomiting, diarrhea, and nasogastric suctioning)
Excessive diaphoresis (sweating)
Hemorrhage
Diabetes mellitus (which causes renal glucose excretion and, in turn, results in
water losses)
Diabetes insipidus (an inability to concentrate urine, leading to excessive water
loss).
