Nurs 5315: Adv Patho Exam 4 Set 2 musk and endo Questions & Answers

Osteoporosis - ANSWERSMost common bone disease in humans. A condition in which the body's bones are marked by low bone mineral density, impaired structural integrity, decreased bone strength. bone density classifications - ANSWERSNormal bone mass > 833mg/cm2 Osteopenia: bone mass of 648-833 mg/cm2 Osteoporosis: bone mass < 648 mg/cm2 RANKYL - ANSWERSCYTOKINE RECEPTOR ACTIVATOR OF NUCLEAR FACTOR kB ligand Gower's sign - ANSWERSDifficulty rising to standing position; has to walk up legs using hands; occurs in Muscular dystrophy Adipokines - ANSWERSprotein hormones made and released by adipose tissue (fat) cells, regulate food intake and metabolism. increase or decrease fat mass provide signals to the hypothalamus, brainstem, ANS and hunger center to regulate satiety and energy balance. adipose tissue-gut-brain axis - ANSWERSGI tract releases adipokines and hormones which interact with the brain and contribute to the pathophysiology of obesity. visceral obesity - ANSWERSDistribution of body fat is localized around the abdomen and upper body "Apple shape" Associated with chronic inflammation, metabolic syndrome, obstructive sleep apnea, type 2 DM, CV disease, osteoarthritis, fatty liver and cancer. peripheral obesity - ANSWERSfat is distributed around the thighs and buttocks (pear) and is more common in women. Risk factors are less severe than those with visceral obesity. Primary thyroid disorders - ANSWERSconditions that result from dysfunction of the thyroid gland subclinical thyroid disease - ANSWERSpresence of disease without obvious symptoms secondary thyroid disorders - ANSWERSconditions that results from the dysfunction of either the pituitary or the hypothalamus Somogyi effect - ANSWERShypoglycemia followed by rebound hyperglycemia Dawn phenomenon - ANSWERSan increase in blood glucose in the early morning, most likely due to increased glucose production in the liver after an overnight fast microvascular disease: Definition and example - ANSWERSDisease of the finer blood vessels in the body, including the capillaries. In contrast to macrovascular disease. The microvascular complications of diabetes such as neuropathy can lead to loss of sensation and the development of foot ulcers. Macrovascular disease: Definition and example - ANSWERSMacrovascular disease is associated with the development of coronary artery disease, peripheral vascular disease, brain attack (stroke), and increased risk of infection. Type 2 diabetes is more closely associated with macrovascular diseases than type 1 diabetes. Exopthalmus or proptosis in Graves' disease - ANSWERSForward projection of bulging of the eye out of the orbit secondary to fat deposits behind the eye Can be unilateral OR bilateral. Pancreas - ANSWERSLocated behind the stomach, between the spleen and duodenum and contains islets of Langerhans. The first function is an exocrine role: to produce digestive enzymes and bicarbonate, which are delivered to the small intestine via the pancreatic duct. The second is an endocrine role: to secrete insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream to help regulate blood glucose levels. Thyroid - ANSWERSThe thyroid is a butterfly-shaped gland located in the front of the neck just below the Adams apple. Regulates metabolism and causes bones to store calcium. islets of Langerhans cell types - ANSWERSalpha cells secrete glucagon beta cells secrete gastrin delta cells secrete gastrin and somatostatin F cells secrete pancreatic polypeptide that stimulates the secretion of gastric acid and inhibits cholecystokinin secretion polyphagia - ANSWERSexcessive hunger Glycogenolysis - ANSWERSbreakdown of glycogen to glucose metabolic syndrome - ANSWERSA syndrome marked by the presence of usually three or more of a group of factors (as high blood pressure, abdominal obesity, high triglyceride levels, low HDL levels, and high fasting levels of blood sugar) that are linked to increased risk of cardiovascular disease and Type 2 diabetes. Waist > 40 in for men Waist > 35 for women Triglycerides >150 HDL < 40 in men HDL < 50 in women BP > 130/85 Fasting glucose > 100 polydipsia - ANSWERSincreased thirst secondary diabetes mellitus etiologies - ANSWERSEtiologies include pancreatic disease such as cancer or pancreatitis, steroid use, Cushing syndrome, acromegaly and excess glucagon secretion Gastroparesis - ANSWERSa condition in which the muscles in the stomach slow down and work poorly or not at all, preventing the stomach from emptying normally mineralocorticoid deficiency syndrome S/S - ANSWERShypovolemia, postural hypotension, dizziness, dehydration, hyperkalemia, salt craving Addison crisis - ANSWERSmedical emergency brought on by sudden withdrawal of steroids or a stressful event causing a lack of cortisol and aldosterone hypotension and vascular collapse due to fluid loss and lack of vascular tone Graves disease - ANSWERSan autoimmune disorder that is caused by hyperthyroidism and is characterized by goiter and/or exophthalmos pretibial myxedema - ANSWERSdry, waxy swelling of the front surfaces of the lower legs Hashimoto's thyroiditis - ANSWERSan autoimmune disease in which the body's own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland