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Community
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Lancaster’s
Health Nursing
Health Community
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in Canada,
4th
Health
Edition
Nursing
4th(MacDonald,
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(MacDonald,
2025).pdf
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2025).pdf:///../
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Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
TEST BANK
Stanhope and Lancaster's Community Health Nursing in
Canada
Sandra A. MacDonald, and Sonya L. Jakubec
4th Edition
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Community
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Lancaster’s
Health Nursing
Health Community
Nursing
in Canada,
in Canada,
4th
Health
Edition
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4th(MacDonald,
Edition
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(MacDonald,
2025).pdf
4th Edition
2025).pdf:///../
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Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Community Health Nursing 1
Chapter 02 The Evolution of Community Health Nursing in Canada 8
Chapter 03 Community Health Nursing in Canada-Settings, Functions, and Roles 13
Chapter 04 Health Promotion 24
Chapter 05 Evidence-Informed Practice in Community Health Nursing 30
Chapter 06 Ethics in Community Health Nursing Practice 35
Chapter 07 Diversity and Relational Practice in Community Health Nursing 43
Chapter 08 Epidemiological Applications 49
Chapter 09 Working With the Community 54
Chapter 10 Health Program Planning and Evaluation 58
Chapter 11 Working with the Individual as Client-Health and Wellness Across the Lifespan 63
Chapter 12 Working with Families 69
Chapter 13 Working with Groups, Teams, and Partners 74
Chapter 14 Indigenous Health-Working with First Nations People, Inuit, and Métis 82
Chapter 15 Working With People Who Experience Structural Vulnerabilities 86
Chapter 16 Communicable and Infectious Disease Prevention and Control 98
Chapter 17 Environmental Health 104
Chapter 18 Emergency Management and Disaster Preparedness 109
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Test Bank- -Stanhope
Stanhope Stanhope and Lancaster’s
and Lancaster’s
Testand
Bank
Lancaster’s
- Stanhope Community
Community
and
Community Health
Lancaster’s
Health Nursing
Health Nursing
Community
Nursing
in Canada, inEdition
Canada,
in Canada,
4th
Health Nursing 4th Edition
4th(MacDonald,
Edition
in Canada, (MacDonald,
(MacDonald,
Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2025).pdf
4th Edition 2022) 2025).pdf
2025).pdf:///../
(MacDonald,
Chapter 01: Community Health Nursing
MacDonald/Jakubec: Stanhope and Lancaster's Community Health Nursing in
Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following best describes community health nursing?
a. Giving care with a focus on the aggregate’s needs
b. Giving care with a focus on the group’s needs
c. Focusing on the health care of individual clients in the community
d. Working with an approach of unique client care
ANS: C
By definition, community health nursing is the health care of individual clients in the
community.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Introduction OBJ: 1.6 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
2. Which of the following best describes primary health care?
a. A comprehensive way to address issues of social justice
b. Giving care to manage acute or chronic conditions
c. Giving direct care to ill individuals within their family setting
d. Having the goal of health promotion and disease prevention
ANS: A
By definition, primary health care is comprehensive and addresses issues of social justice and
equity. Social justice in the context of health refers to ensuring fairness and equality in health
services so that vulnerable individuals in society have easy access to health care.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Primary Health Care OBJ: 1.4
TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
3. The health of which of the following is the primary focus of public health nurses (PHNs)?
a. Families
b. Groups
c. Individuals
d. Populations
ANS: D
PHNs use knowledge of nursing, social sciences, and public health sciences for the promotion
and protection of health and for the prevention of disease among populations.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Public Health Practice OBJ: 1.5
TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
4. Which change is the primary explanation for life expectancy increasing so notably since the
early 1900s?
a. An increase in findings from medical laboratory research
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Stanhope Stanhope and Lancaster’s
and Lancaster’s
Testand
Bank
Lancaster’s
- Stanhope Community
Community
and
Community Health
Lancaster’s
Health Nursing
Health Nursing
Community
Nursing
in Canada, inEdition
Canada,
in Canada,
4th
Health Nursing 4th Edition
4th(MacDonald,
Edition
in Canada, (MacDonald,
(MacDonald,
Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2025).pdf
4th Edition 2022) 2025).pdf
2025).pdf:///../
(MacDonald,
b. Incredible advances in surgical techniques and procedures
c. Improved sanitation and other public health activities
d. Increased use of antibiotics to fight infections
ANS: C
Improvement in control of infectious diseases through immunizations, sanitation, and other
public health activities led to the increase in life expectancy since the early 1900s.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Public Health Practice OBJ: 1.5
TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
5. Which community health nursing practice area receives funding from the private sector?
a. Telenurses
b. Corrections nurses
c. Nurse entrepreneurs
d. Street or outreach nurses
ANS: C
The nurse entrepreneur receives private funding, whereas all of the other community health
nurse (CHN) roles are with provincially or federally funded positions.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Community Health Nursing Roles and Functions OBJ: 1.1 | 1.6
TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
6. A public health nurse (PHN) strives to prevent disease and disability, often in partnership with
other community groups. Which statement is an appropriate summary of the PHN’s role?
a. The PHN asks the political leaders what interventions should be chosen.
b. The PHN assesses the community and decides on appropriate interventions.
c. The PHN uses data from the main health care institutions in the community to
determine needed health services.
d. The PHN works with community members to carry out public health functions.
ANS: D
It is crucial that the PHN work with members of the community to carry out core public health
functions.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply
REF: Public Health Practice OBJ: 1.5
TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
7. Which of the following is used as a measurement of population health?
a. Health status indicators
b. The levels of prevention
c. The number of memberships at the local fitness centre
d. Reported provincial alcohol and tobacco sales in any given month
ANS: A
Population health refers to the health outcomes of a population as measured by determinants
of health and health outcomes.
______________________________________________________________________________________________
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Stanhope Stanhope and Lancaster’s
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- Stanhope Community
Community
and
Community Health
Lancaster’s
Health Nursing
Health Nursing
Community
Nursing
in Canada, inEdition
Canada,
in Canada,
4th
Health Nursing 4th Edition
4th(MacDonald,
Edition
in Canada, (MacDonald,
(MacDonald,
Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2025).pdf
4th Edition 2022) 2025).pdf
2025).pdf:///../
(MacDonald,
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Populations and Aggregates OBJ: 1.2
TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
8. A registered nurse (RN), has just been employed as a community health nurse (CHN). Which
question would be most relevant to practice as the nurse begins her position?
a. “Which community groups are at greatest risk for problems?”
b. “Which patients should I see first as I begin my day?”
c. “With which physicians will I be collaborating most closely?”
d. “Who is the nursing assistant to whom I can refer patients?”
ANS: A
CHNs apply the nursing process to the entire community; asking which groups are at greatest
risk reflects a community-oriented perspective. The other possible responses focus on
particular individuals.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply
REF: Populations and Aggregates OBJ: 1.6
TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
9. The community health nurse (CHN) who is working with women at the senior citizens’ centre
reminds them that the only way the centre will be able to afford a driver and a van service for
those who cannot drive themselves is to continue to write letters to their local city council
representatives, requesting funding for such a service. What is the CHN doing?
a. Ensuring that the women do not expect the CHN herself to do anything about their
problem
b. Demonstrating that she understands the women’s concerns and needs
c. Expressing empathy, support, and concern
d. Helping the women engage in political action locally
ANS: D
CHNs have an imperative to work with the members of the community to carry out public
health functions such as political action.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply
REF: Public Health Practice OBJ: 1.5 | 1.6
TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
10. Which activity is an example of the “advocate” role of the community health nurse?
a. Organizing home care support for a newly discharged older client
b. Acting as a member of a community action group for provision of accessible
transit choices
c. Doing prenatal assessments
d. Facilitating a self-help group for smoking cessation
ANS: B
An advocate provides a voice to client concerns when acting as a member of a community
action group for provision of accessible transit choices.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply
REF: Community Health Nursing Roles and Functions OBJ: 1.6
TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
______________________________________________________________________________________________
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Stanhope Stanhope and Lancaster’s
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- Stanhope Community
Community
and
Community Health
Lancaster’s
Health Nursing
Health Nursing
Community
Nursing
in Canada, inEdition
Canada,
in Canada,
4th
Health Nursing 4th Edition
4th(MacDonald,
Edition
in Canada, (MacDonald,
(MacDonald,
Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2025).pdf
4th Edition 2022) 2025).pdf
2025).pdf:///../
(MacDonald,
11. In which scenario is the public health nurse (PHN) most comprehensively practising
interprofessional collaboration?
a. The PHN meets with several groups about community recreation issues.
b. The PHN spends the day attending meetings at various health agencies.
c. The PHN talks to several people about their particular health concerns.
d. The PHN watches television, including a telecast of a city council meeting on the
local cable station.
ANS: B
Any of these might represent a public health nurse (PHN) communicating, cooperating, or
collaborating with community residents or groups about health concerns. However, the PHN
who spends the day attending meetings at various health agencies is most comprehensively
fulfilling requirements effectively, since health is broader than recreation, individual concerns
are not as important as aggregate priorities, and watching television is only one-way
communication.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis/Synthesize
REF: Collaborating in Interprofessional Teams OBJ: 1.5
TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
12. A community health nurse (CHN) often has to make resource allocation decisions. In such
cases, which approach will most help the CHN to arrive at the decision?
a. Choosing a moral or ethical principle
b. Choosing the cheapest, most economical approach
c. Choosing the most rational outcome
d. Choosing the needs of the aggregate, rather than the needs of a few individuals
ANS: D
Although all of the answers represent components of the CHN’s decision-making process, the
predominant needs of the population outweigh the expressed needs of one person or a few
people.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply
REF: Social Justice OBJ: 1.3
TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
13. Which situation most closely represents the focus of public health nursing?
a. Assessing the services and effectiveness of the school health clinic
b. Caring for patients after their outpatient surgeries
c. Giving care to schoolchildren at the school clinic and to the children’s families
d. Treating pediatric patients at an outpatient clinic
ANS: A
A public health or population-focused approach would consider the entire group of children
receiving care, to see if services are effective in achieving the goal of improving the health of
the school population.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply
REF: Community Health Nursing Roles and Functions OBJ: 1.5
TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
______________________________________________________________________________________________
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Stanhope Stanhope and Lancaster’s
and Lancaster’s
Testand
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Lancaster’s
- Stanhope Community
Community
and
Community Health
Lancaster’s
Health Nursing
Health Nursing
Community
Nursing
in Canada, inEdition
Canada,
in Canada,
4th
Health Nursing 4th Edition
4th(MacDonald,
Edition
in Canada, (MacDonald,
(MacDonald,
Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2025).pdf
4th Edition 2022) 2025).pdf
2025).pdf:///../
(MacDonald,
14. Which public health service best represents primary prevention?
a. Developing a health education program about the dangers of smoking
b. Providing a diabetes clinic for adults in low-income neighbourhoods
c. Providing an influenza vaccination program in a community retirement village
d. Teaching school-aged children about the positive effects of exercise
ANS: C
Although all the services listed are appropriate and valuable, providing influenza vaccines to
healthy adults represents the primary level of health prevention.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply
REF: Principles of Public Health Practice: Levels of Intervention and Prevention
OBJ: 1.5 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
15. What term is used interchangeably with the term subpopulations?
a. Groups
b. Aggregates
c. Clients
d. Communities
ANS: B
Generally, subpopulations are referred to as aggregates within the larger community
population.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Populations and Aggregates OBJ: 1.2
TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
16. Which public health service best represents secondary prevention?
a. Administering the influenza vaccine to a community of seniors
b. Initiating an infant car seat safety screening program for parents in low-income
housing
c. Starting a rehabilitation clinic for middle-aged adults residing in low-income
housing
d. Setting up a support group for teenage mothers of infants with Down syndrome
ANS: B
Secondary prevention seeks to detect disease early in its progression—for example, through
mass screening programs.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply
REF: Principles of Public Health Practice: Levels of Intervention and Prevention
OBJ: 1.5 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
17. Which type of thinking is most reflective of looking at a macroscopic, big-picture population
focus?
a. Collaborative thinking
b. Upstream thinking
c. Holistic thinking
d. Downstream thinking
ANS: B
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Stanhope Stanhope and Lancaster’s
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- Stanhope Community
Community
and
Community Health
Lancaster’s
Health Nursing
Health Nursing
Community
Nursing
in Canada, inEdition
Canada,
in Canada,
4th
Health Nursing 4th Edition
4th(MacDonald,
Edition
in Canada, (MacDonald,
(MacDonald,
Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2025).pdf
4th Edition 2022) 2025).pdf
2025).pdf:///../
(MacDonald,
Upstream thinking uses a macroscopic, big-picture population focus, whereas downstream
thinking is a microscopic, individual curative focus.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Principles of Public Health Practice: Levels of Intervention and Prevention
OBJ: 1.5 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
18. Which is a requirement for reaching the goal of “health for all”?
a. Self-actualization
b. A system for health
c. Elimination of lower- and upper-class categories
d. Total compliance with immunizations and vaccines with all groups
ANS: B
The requirements identified to reach the “health for all” goal include (1) basic needs, (2)
belonging and engagement, (3) healthy living, and (4) a system for health.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Public Health Practice OBJ: 1.2
TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
19. Which is the simplest definition of primary health care?
a. It is based on a multidisciplinary group of health care providers working as a team.
b. It provides essential care that is universally accessible to persons in a community
and encourages self-management, self-reliance, and competence.
c. It focuses on health promotion and disease prevention among those who can afford
to engage in behaviours that facilitate them.
d. It is based on local efforts to meet the Declaration of Alma-Ata, known as Health
for All.
ANS: B
Primary health care is generally defined as essential care made universally accessible to
individuals and families in a community with their full participation and at a cost that the
community can afford.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Primary Health Care OBJ: 1.4
TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
20. Which public health service best represents primary prevention?
a. Administering the influenza vaccine to a group of seniors
b. Initiating an infant car seat safety screening program for parents in low-income
housing
c. Starting a rehabilitation clinic for middle-aged adults who reside in low-income
housing
d. Setting up a blood pressure screening clinic at the local mall
ANS: A
Primary prevention activities seek to prevent the occurrence of a disease (based on the natural
history of a disease) or an injury.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply
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Stanhope Stanhope and Lancaster’s
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- Stanhope Community
Community
and
Community Health
Lancaster’s
Health Nursing
Health Nursing
Community
Nursing
in Canada, inEdition
Canada,
in Canada,
4th
Health Nursing 4th Edition
4th(MacDonald,
Edition
in Canada, (MacDonald,
(MacDonald,
Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2025).pdf
4th Edition 2022) 2025).pdf
2025).pdf:///../
(MacDonald,
REF: Principles of Public Health Practice: Levels of Intervention and Prevention
OBJ: 1.5 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
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Stanhope Stanhope and Lancaster’s
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- Stanhope Community
Community
and
Community Health
Lancaster’s
Health Nursing
Health Nursing
Community
Nursing
in Canada, inEdition
Canada,
in Canada,
4th
Health Nursing 4th Edition
4th(MacDonald,
Edition
in Canada, (MacDonald,
(MacDonald,
Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2025).pdf
4th Edition 2022) 2025).pdf
2025).pdf:///../
(MacDonald,
Chapter 02: The Evolution of Community Health Nursing in Canada
MacDonald/Jakubec: Stanhope and Lancaster's Community Health Nursing in
Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which one of the following is a reason to study nursing history?
a. To fulfill provincial/territorial nursing requirements
b. To help fill up the necessary credit hours for graduation
c. To meet accreditation requirements
d. To understand the present and plan for tomorrow
ANS: D
One of the best ways to make plans for today and tomorrow is to look at the past to see what
did or did not work. Lessons learned through history provide direction for current and future
community health nursing practice.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Introduction OBJ: 2.1 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
2. Which group was the first to establish hospitals?
a. Feudal lords, to keep their peons working
b. Small towns, to care for their own citizens
c. The military, to enable soldiers to keep fighting
d. Religious orders, to care for the sick, poor, and neglected
ANS: D
Historically, most people were responsible for their own health care services. However,
during the Middles Ages, religious convents and monasteries established hospitals to care for
the aged, disabled, orphaned, sick, poor, and neglected.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: The Global Historical Roots of Public Health OBJ: 2.1
TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
3. The Industrial Revolution caused earlier caregiving approaches—where care was provided by
families, friends, and neighbours—to become inadequate because of constantly increasing
demand. Which situation also contributed to the inadequacy of caregiving approaches at this
time?
a. Ongoing wars, which caused frequent deaths and injuries
b. Horrific plagues that swept through Europe
c. Migration and urbanization
d. The need to pay caregivers
ANS: C
Older forms of care became inadequate because of the social changes in Europe, with great
advances in transportation, communication, and other technologies. Increased mobility led to
increased demand for health care, migration, and urbanization.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: The Global Historical Roots of Public Health OBJ: 2.1
______________________________________________________________________________________________
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Lancaster’s
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Health Community
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Edition
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Edition
in Canada,
(MacDonald,
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2025).pdf:///../
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Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
TEST BANK
Stanhope and Lancaster's Community Health Nursing in
Canada
Sandra A. MacDonald, and Sonya L. Jakubec
4th Edition
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Community
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Lancaster’s
Health Nursing
Health Community
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in Canada,
4th
Health
Edition
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4th(MacDonald,
Edition
in Canada,
(MacDonald,
2025).pdf
4th Edition
2025).pdf:///../
(MacDonald, 2025).pdf
Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
Table of Contents
Chapter 01 Community Health Nursing 1
Chapter 02 The Evolution of Community Health Nursing in Canada 8
Chapter 03 Community Health Nursing in Canada-Settings, Functions, and Roles 13
Chapter 04 Health Promotion 24
Chapter 05 Evidence-Informed Practice in Community Health Nursing 30
Chapter 06 Ethics in Community Health Nursing Practice 35
Chapter 07 Diversity and Relational Practice in Community Health Nursing 43
Chapter 08 Epidemiological Applications 49
Chapter 09 Working With the Community 54
Chapter 10 Health Program Planning and Evaluation 58
Chapter 11 Working with the Individual as Client-Health and Wellness Across the Lifespan 63
Chapter 12 Working with Families 69
Chapter 13 Working with Groups, Teams, and Partners 74
Chapter 14 Indigenous Health-Working with First Nations People, Inuit, and Métis 82
Chapter 15 Working With People Who Experience Structural Vulnerabilities 86
Chapter 16 Communicable and Infectious Disease Prevention and Control 98
Chapter 17 Environmental Health 104
Chapter 18 Emergency Management and Disaster Preparedness 109
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Stanhope Stanhope and Lancaster’s
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- Stanhope Community
Community
and
Community Health
Lancaster’s
Health Nursing
Health Nursing
Community
Nursing
in Canada, inEdition
Canada,
in Canada,
4th
Health Nursing 4th Edition
4th(MacDonald,
Edition
in Canada, (MacDonald,
(MacDonald,
Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2025).pdf
4th Edition 2022) 2025).pdf
2025).pdf:///../
(MacDonald,
Chapter 01: Community Health Nursing
MacDonald/Jakubec: Stanhope and Lancaster's Community Health Nursing in
Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which of the following best describes community health nursing?
a. Giving care with a focus on the aggregate’s needs
b. Giving care with a focus on the group’s needs
c. Focusing on the health care of individual clients in the community
d. Working with an approach of unique client care
ANS: C
By definition, community health nursing is the health care of individual clients in the
community.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Introduction OBJ: 1.6 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
2. Which of the following best describes primary health care?
a. A comprehensive way to address issues of social justice
b. Giving care to manage acute or chronic conditions
c. Giving direct care to ill individuals within their family setting
d. Having the goal of health promotion and disease prevention
ANS: A
By definition, primary health care is comprehensive and addresses issues of social justice and
equity. Social justice in the context of health refers to ensuring fairness and equality in health
services so that vulnerable individuals in society have easy access to health care.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Primary Health Care OBJ: 1.4
TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
3. The health of which of the following is the primary focus of public health nurses (PHNs)?
a. Families
b. Groups
c. Individuals
d. Populations
ANS: D
PHNs use knowledge of nursing, social sciences, and public health sciences for the promotion
and protection of health and for the prevention of disease among populations.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Public Health Practice OBJ: 1.5
TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
4. Which change is the primary explanation for life expectancy increasing so notably since the
early 1900s?
a. An increase in findings from medical laboratory research
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Health Nursing
Health Nursing
Community
Nursing
in Canada, inEdition
Canada,
in Canada,
4th
Health Nursing 4th Edition
4th(MacDonald,
Edition
in Canada, (MacDonald,
(MacDonald,
Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2025).pdf
4th Edition 2022) 2025).pdf
2025).pdf:///../
(MacDonald,
b. Incredible advances in surgical techniques and procedures
c. Improved sanitation and other public health activities
d. Increased use of antibiotics to fight infections
ANS: C
Improvement in control of infectious diseases through immunizations, sanitation, and other
public health activities led to the increase in life expectancy since the early 1900s.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Public Health Practice OBJ: 1.5
TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
5. Which community health nursing practice area receives funding from the private sector?
a. Telenurses
b. Corrections nurses
c. Nurse entrepreneurs
d. Street or outreach nurses
ANS: C
The nurse entrepreneur receives private funding, whereas all of the other community health
nurse (CHN) roles are with provincially or federally funded positions.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Community Health Nursing Roles and Functions OBJ: 1.1 | 1.6
TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
6. A public health nurse (PHN) strives to prevent disease and disability, often in partnership with
other community groups. Which statement is an appropriate summary of the PHN’s role?
a. The PHN asks the political leaders what interventions should be chosen.
b. The PHN assesses the community and decides on appropriate interventions.
c. The PHN uses data from the main health care institutions in the community to
determine needed health services.
d. The PHN works with community members to carry out public health functions.
ANS: D
It is crucial that the PHN work with members of the community to carry out core public health
functions.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply
REF: Public Health Practice OBJ: 1.5
TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
7. Which of the following is used as a measurement of population health?
a. Health status indicators
b. The levels of prevention
c. The number of memberships at the local fitness centre
d. Reported provincial alcohol and tobacco sales in any given month
ANS: A
Population health refers to the health outcomes of a population as measured by determinants
of health and health outcomes.
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- Stanhope Community
Community
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Community Health
Lancaster’s
Health Nursing
Health Nursing
Community
Nursing
in Canada, inEdition
Canada,
in Canada,
4th
Health Nursing 4th Edition
4th(MacDonald,
Edition
in Canada, (MacDonald,
(MacDonald,
Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2025).pdf
4th Edition 2022) 2025).pdf
2025).pdf:///../
(MacDonald,
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Populations and Aggregates OBJ: 1.2
TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
8. A registered nurse (RN), has just been employed as a community health nurse (CHN). Which
question would be most relevant to practice as the nurse begins her position?
a. “Which community groups are at greatest risk for problems?”
b. “Which patients should I see first as I begin my day?”
c. “With which physicians will I be collaborating most closely?”
d. “Who is the nursing assistant to whom I can refer patients?”
ANS: A
CHNs apply the nursing process to the entire community; asking which groups are at greatest
risk reflects a community-oriented perspective. The other possible responses focus on
particular individuals.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply
REF: Populations and Aggregates OBJ: 1.6
TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
9. The community health nurse (CHN) who is working with women at the senior citizens’ centre
reminds them that the only way the centre will be able to afford a driver and a van service for
those who cannot drive themselves is to continue to write letters to their local city council
representatives, requesting funding for such a service. What is the CHN doing?
a. Ensuring that the women do not expect the CHN herself to do anything about their
problem
b. Demonstrating that she understands the women’s concerns and needs
c. Expressing empathy, support, and concern
d. Helping the women engage in political action locally
ANS: D
CHNs have an imperative to work with the members of the community to carry out public
health functions such as political action.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply
REF: Public Health Practice OBJ: 1.5 | 1.6
TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
10. Which activity is an example of the “advocate” role of the community health nurse?
a. Organizing home care support for a newly discharged older client
b. Acting as a member of a community action group for provision of accessible
transit choices
c. Doing prenatal assessments
d. Facilitating a self-help group for smoking cessation
ANS: B
An advocate provides a voice to client concerns when acting as a member of a community
action group for provision of accessible transit choices.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply
REF: Community Health Nursing Roles and Functions OBJ: 1.6
TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
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Community
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Community Health
Lancaster’s
Health Nursing
Health Nursing
Community
Nursing
in Canada, inEdition
Canada,
in Canada,
4th
Health Nursing 4th Edition
4th(MacDonald,
Edition
in Canada, (MacDonald,
(MacDonald,
Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2025).pdf
4th Edition 2022) 2025).pdf
2025).pdf:///../
(MacDonald,
11. In which scenario is the public health nurse (PHN) most comprehensively practising
interprofessional collaboration?
a. The PHN meets with several groups about community recreation issues.
b. The PHN spends the day attending meetings at various health agencies.
c. The PHN talks to several people about their particular health concerns.
d. The PHN watches television, including a telecast of a city council meeting on the
local cable station.
ANS: B
Any of these might represent a public health nurse (PHN) communicating, cooperating, or
collaborating with community residents or groups about health concerns. However, the PHN
who spends the day attending meetings at various health agencies is most comprehensively
fulfilling requirements effectively, since health is broader than recreation, individual concerns
are not as important as aggregate priorities, and watching television is only one-way
communication.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Synthesis/Synthesize
REF: Collaborating in Interprofessional Teams OBJ: 1.5
TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
12. A community health nurse (CHN) often has to make resource allocation decisions. In such
cases, which approach will most help the CHN to arrive at the decision?
a. Choosing a moral or ethical principle
b. Choosing the cheapest, most economical approach
c. Choosing the most rational outcome
d. Choosing the needs of the aggregate, rather than the needs of a few individuals
ANS: D
Although all of the answers represent components of the CHN’s decision-making process, the
predominant needs of the population outweigh the expressed needs of one person or a few
people.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply
REF: Social Justice OBJ: 1.3
TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
13. Which situation most closely represents the focus of public health nursing?
a. Assessing the services and effectiveness of the school health clinic
b. Caring for patients after their outpatient surgeries
c. Giving care to schoolchildren at the school clinic and to the children’s families
d. Treating pediatric patients at an outpatient clinic
ANS: A
A public health or population-focused approach would consider the entire group of children
receiving care, to see if services are effective in achieving the goal of improving the health of
the school population.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply
REF: Community Health Nursing Roles and Functions OBJ: 1.5
TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
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Community
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Community Health
Lancaster’s
Health Nursing
Health Nursing
Community
Nursing
in Canada, inEdition
Canada,
in Canada,
4th
Health Nursing 4th Edition
4th(MacDonald,
Edition
in Canada, (MacDonald,
(MacDonald,
Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2025).pdf
4th Edition 2022) 2025).pdf
2025).pdf:///../
(MacDonald,
14. Which public health service best represents primary prevention?
a. Developing a health education program about the dangers of smoking
b. Providing a diabetes clinic for adults in low-income neighbourhoods
c. Providing an influenza vaccination program in a community retirement village
d. Teaching school-aged children about the positive effects of exercise
ANS: C
Although all the services listed are appropriate and valuable, providing influenza vaccines to
healthy adults represents the primary level of health prevention.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply
REF: Principles of Public Health Practice: Levels of Intervention and Prevention
OBJ: 1.5 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
15. What term is used interchangeably with the term subpopulations?
a. Groups
b. Aggregates
c. Clients
d. Communities
ANS: B
Generally, subpopulations are referred to as aggregates within the larger community
population.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Populations and Aggregates OBJ: 1.2
TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
16. Which public health service best represents secondary prevention?
a. Administering the influenza vaccine to a community of seniors
b. Initiating an infant car seat safety screening program for parents in low-income
housing
c. Starting a rehabilitation clinic for middle-aged adults residing in low-income
housing
d. Setting up a support group for teenage mothers of infants with Down syndrome
ANS: B
Secondary prevention seeks to detect disease early in its progression—for example, through
mass screening programs.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply
REF: Principles of Public Health Practice: Levels of Intervention and Prevention
OBJ: 1.5 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
17. Which type of thinking is most reflective of looking at a macroscopic, big-picture population
focus?
a. Collaborative thinking
b. Upstream thinking
c. Holistic thinking
d. Downstream thinking
ANS: B
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Community
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Health Nursing
Health Nursing
Community
Nursing
in Canada, inEdition
Canada,
in Canada,
4th
Health Nursing 4th Edition
4th(MacDonald,
Edition
in Canada, (MacDonald,
(MacDonald,
Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2025).pdf
4th Edition 2022) 2025).pdf
2025).pdf:///../
(MacDonald,
Upstream thinking uses a macroscopic, big-picture population focus, whereas downstream
thinking is a microscopic, individual curative focus.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Principles of Public Health Practice: Levels of Intervention and Prevention
OBJ: 1.5 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
18. Which is a requirement for reaching the goal of “health for all”?
a. Self-actualization
b. A system for health
c. Elimination of lower- and upper-class categories
d. Total compliance with immunizations and vaccines with all groups
ANS: B
The requirements identified to reach the “health for all” goal include (1) basic needs, (2)
belonging and engagement, (3) healthy living, and (4) a system for health.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Public Health Practice OBJ: 1.2
TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
19. Which is the simplest definition of primary health care?
a. It is based on a multidisciplinary group of health care providers working as a team.
b. It provides essential care that is universally accessible to persons in a community
and encourages self-management, self-reliance, and competence.
c. It focuses on health promotion and disease prevention among those who can afford
to engage in behaviours that facilitate them.
d. It is based on local efforts to meet the Declaration of Alma-Ata, known as Health
for All.
ANS: B
Primary health care is generally defined as essential care made universally accessible to
individuals and families in a community with their full participation and at a cost that the
community can afford.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Primary Health Care OBJ: 1.4
TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
20. Which public health service best represents primary prevention?
a. Administering the influenza vaccine to a group of seniors
b. Initiating an infant car seat safety screening program for parents in low-income
housing
c. Starting a rehabilitation clinic for middle-aged adults who reside in low-income
housing
d. Setting up a blood pressure screening clinic at the local mall
ANS: A
Primary prevention activities seek to prevent the occurrence of a disease (based on the natural
history of a disease) or an injury.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Application/Apply
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Community
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Community Health
Lancaster’s
Health Nursing
Health Nursing
Community
Nursing
in Canada, inEdition
Canada,
in Canada,
4th
Health Nursing 4th Edition
4th(MacDonald,
Edition
in Canada, (MacDonald,
(MacDonald,
Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2025).pdf
4th Edition 2022) 2025).pdf
2025).pdf:///../
(MacDonald,
REF: Principles of Public Health Practice: Levels of Intervention and Prevention
OBJ: 1.5 TOP: Health Promotion and Maintenance
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Community
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Lancaster’s
Health Nursing
Health Nursing
Community
Nursing
in Canada, inEdition
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in Canada,
4th
Health Nursing 4th Edition
4th(MacDonald,
Edition
in Canada, (MacDonald,
(MacDonald,
Test Bank - Stanhope and Lancasters Community Health Nursing in Canada, 4th Edition (MacDonald, 2025)
______________________________________________________________________________________________ 2025).pdf
4th Edition 2022) 2025).pdf
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(MacDonald,
Chapter 02: The Evolution of Community Health Nursing in Canada
MacDonald/Jakubec: Stanhope and Lancaster's Community Health Nursing in
Canada, 4th Edition
MULTIPLE CHOICE
1. Which one of the following is a reason to study nursing history?
a. To fulfill provincial/territorial nursing requirements
b. To help fill up the necessary credit hours for graduation
c. To meet accreditation requirements
d. To understand the present and plan for tomorrow
ANS: D
One of the best ways to make plans for today and tomorrow is to look at the past to see what
did or did not work. Lessons learned through history provide direction for current and future
community health nursing practice.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: Introduction OBJ: 2.1 TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
2. Which group was the first to establish hospitals?
a. Feudal lords, to keep their peons working
b. Small towns, to care for their own citizens
c. The military, to enable soldiers to keep fighting
d. Religious orders, to care for the sick, poor, and neglected
ANS: D
Historically, most people were responsible for their own health care services. However,
during the Middles Ages, religious convents and monasteries established hospitals to care for
the aged, disabled, orphaned, sick, poor, and neglected.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: The Global Historical Roots of Public Health OBJ: 2.1
TOP: Safe and Effective Care Environment
3. The Industrial Revolution caused earlier caregiving approaches—where care was provided by
families, friends, and neighbours—to become inadequate because of constantly increasing
demand. Which situation also contributed to the inadequacy of caregiving approaches at this
time?
a. Ongoing wars, which caused frequent deaths and injuries
b. Horrific plagues that swept through Europe
c. Migration and urbanization
d. The need to pay caregivers
ANS: C
Older forms of care became inadequate because of the social changes in Europe, with great
advances in transportation, communication, and other technologies. Increased mobility led to
increased demand for health care, migration, and urbanization.
PTS: 1 DIF: Cognitive Level: Knowledge/Remember
REF: The Global Historical Roots of Public Health OBJ: 2.1
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