WGU D236 pathophysiology Objective Assessment Questions and Verified Answers | Latestb2023/2024 GRADED A+

WGU D236 pathophysiology: Objective As
b b b b




sessment Questions and Verified Answers |
b b b b b b




Latest 2023/2024 GRADED A+
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WhatbisbStarling'sbLawbofbCapillarybforces?


Howbdoesbthisbexplainbwhybabnutritionallybdeficientbchildbwouldbhavebedema?


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b DDStarling'sbLawbdescribesbhowbfluidsbmovebacrossbthebcapillarybmembrane.bTherebarebtwobmajorbop

posingbforcesbthatbactbtobbalancebeachbother,bhydrostaticbpressureb(pushingbwaterboutbofbthebcapillarie

s)bandbosmoticbpressureb(includingbonconticbpressure,bwhichbpushesbfluidbintobthebcapillaries).




Bothbelectrolytesbandbproteinsb(onconticbpressure)binbthebbloodbaffectbosmoticbpressure,bhig

hbelectrolytebandbproteinbconcentrationsbinbthebbloodbwouldbcausebwaterbtobleavebthebcellsba

ndbinterstitialbspacebandbenterbthebbloodbstreambtobdilutebthebhighbconcentrations.




On,bthebotherbhand,blowbelectrolytebandbproteinbconcentrationsb(asbseenbinbabnutritionallybdeficientbchi

ld)bwouldbcausebwaterbtobleavebthebcapillariesbandbenterbthebcellsbandbinterstitialbfluidbwhichbcanbleadbto

b edema.




HowbdoesbthebRAASb(Renin-Angiotensin-

AldosteronebSystem)bresultbinbincreasedbbloodbvolumebandbincreasedbbloodbpressure?

,WGUbD236bpathophysiologybOAbExambStudybGuideb2023bQuestionsbandbAnswers



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DDAbdropbinbbloodbpressurebisbsensedbbybthebkidneysbbyblowbperfusion,bwhichbinbturnbbeginsbtobsecret
b




ebrenin.




Reninbthenbtriggersbthebliverbtobproducebangiotensinogen,bwhichbisbconvertedbtobAngiotensinbIbinbtheblu

ngsbandbthenbangiotensinbIIbbybthebenzyme




Angiotensin-

convertingbenzymeb(ACE).bAngiotensinbIIbstimulatesbperipheralbarterialbvasoconstrictionbwhichbraise

sbBP.




AngiotensinbIIbisbalsobstimulatingbthebadrenalbglandbtobreleasebaldosterone,bwhichbactsbtobincreasebsodi

umbandbwaterbreabsorptionbincreasingbbloodbvolume,bwhilebalsobincreasedbpotassiumbsecretionbinburin

e.




Howbcanbhyperkalemiableadbtobcardiacbarrest?


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DDNormalblevelsbofbpotassiumbarebbetweenb3.5bandb5.2bmEq/dL.bHyperkalemiabrefersbtopotassiumblev
b




elsbhigherbthatb5.2bmEq/dL.




Abmajorbfunctionbofbpotassiumbisbtobconductbnervebimpulsesbinbmuscles.bTooblowbandbmusclebweaknessb

,occursbandbtoobmuchbcanbcausebmusclebspasms.

, WGUbD236bpathophysiologybOAbExambStudybGuideb2023bQuestionsbandbAnswers



Thisbisbespeciallybdangerousbinbthebheartbmusclebandbanbirregularbheartbeatbcanbcausebabheartbattack




ThebbodybusesbthebProteinbBufferingbSystem,bPhosphatebBufferingbSystem,bandbCarbonicbAcid-

b BicarbonatebSystembtobregulatebandbmaintainbhomeostaticbpH,bwhatbisbthebconsequencebofbabpHbimbal

ance


- DDProteinsbcontainbmanybacidicbandbbasicbgroupbthatbcanbbebaffectedbbybpHbchanges.bAnybincreasebo

rbdecreasebinbbloodbpHbcanbalterbthebstructurebofbthebproteinb(denature),btherebybaffectingbitsbfunctionb

asbwell




Describebtheblaboratorybfindingsbassociatedbwithbmetabolicbacidosis,bmetabolicbalkalosis,brespiratorybaci

dosisbandbrespiratorybalkalosis.b(iebrelativebpHbandbCO2blevels).


- DDNormalbABGsb(ArterialbBloodbGases)bBloodbpH:b7.35-7.45bPCO2:b35-45bmmbHgbPO2:b90-

100bmmbHgbHCO3-:b22-26bmEq/LbSaO2:b95-100%




RespiratorybacidosisbandbalkalosisbarebmarkedbbybchangesbinbPCO2.bHigherb=bacidosisbandblowerb=balkalo

sis




MetabolicbacidosisbandbalkalosisbarebcausedbbybsomethingbotherbthanbabnormalbCO2blevels.bThisbcouldbinclu

debtoxicity,bdiabetes,brenalbfailureborbexcessivebGIblosses.