Trauma Pathophysiology Exam Questions
And Answers latest Update
Fracture healing -
correct answer ✅1. Haematoma formation
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
3. Bony callus formation
4. Bone remodelling
Fracture complications -
correct answer ✅1. Haemorrhage
2. Nerves severed, compressed, caught between surfaces
3. Crush injury to crush syndrome
4. Soft tissue injury
5. Fat emboli
6. Organ laceration
7. Delayed complications eg non-union/malunion
8. Infection
Fat emboli -
correct answer ✅Fat droplets leaves the bone marrow of fractured
long bones and enter the venous circulation, travelling through the
bloodstream to organs. It can cause occlusion of vessels leading to
respiratory distress, hypercapnoea, and tachycardia. Smaller drops
,Trauma Pathophysiology Exam Questions
And Answers latest Update
may reach the kidney, brain, retina and skin. Additionally,
chylomicrons released due to haemodynamic changes eg
hypotension mobilise fat stores leading to droplet formation and
deposition in vasculature. There are also free fatty acids mobilised
from elevated concentration of catecholamines.
The triad of clinical manifestation is hypoxia, petechiae, and
neurological impairment.
Simple mechanical crush injury -
correct answer ✅Localised tissue injury when compressive force
applied. The bigger the area crushed the more likely to develop to
crush syndrome
Crush syndrome -
correct answer ✅Mild pressure over extended time or severe
pressure over short time. With removal of the compressive force
and reperfusion rhabdomyolysis occurs; release of myoglobin and
potassium from muscle breakdown enters the bloodstream.
Myoglobin causes renal failure, and potassium causes dysrhythmias
which leads to lactic acidosis --> myoglobinuric renal failure -->
shock --> death
,Trauma Pathophysiology Exam Questions
And Answers latest Update
Compartment syndrome -
correct answer ✅Caused by swelling or bleeding into a closed
fascial space from an increase in compartment contents or a
decrease in compartment size eg from pressure. Increase in
pressure impedes on vessels/nerves leading to decreased perfusion
and neurovascular compromise. Causes tissue ischaemia and
necrosis and extreme pain despite analgesia, and is evidenced by
turgid, glossy skin over site.
Shock -
correct answer ✅Clinical syndrome where tissue perfusion and
hence oxygenation is inadequate to maintain normal metabolic
function of cells and organs --> ischaemia --> tissue and organ
failure
The shock triangle -
correct answer ✅Pump, the pipes and the fluid
Cardiogenic shock -
correct answer ✅Inability of the heart to deliver sufficient blood to
tissues to meet resting metabolic demands --> reduction in CO and
BP
, Trauma Pathophysiology Exam Questions
And Answers latest Update
Distributive shock -
correct answer ✅Due to loss of vascular tone in systemic arterioles
and venules
1. Anaphylactic
2. Neurogenic
3. Septic
Neurogenic shock -
correct answer ✅Injury above T6 impairing sympathetic
innervation of vasculature allowin for unopposed parasympathetic
drive. Results in bradycardia, vasodilation, hypotension, warm, dry
and pink skin.
Obstructive shock -
correct answer ✅State of poor perfusion brought on by an
obstruction of blood through a major vessel, despite healthy
cardiovascular system and operating baroreceptor reflexes. Could
occur from pulmonary/fat embolism, tension pneumothorax,
cardiac tamponade. For example pressure impeding SVC and IVC
leading to reduce venous return. Cardiac tamponade puts pressure
on heart limiting contractility.
And Answers latest Update
Fracture healing -
correct answer ✅1. Haematoma formation
2. Fibrocartilaginous callus formation
3. Bony callus formation
4. Bone remodelling
Fracture complications -
correct answer ✅1. Haemorrhage
2. Nerves severed, compressed, caught between surfaces
3. Crush injury to crush syndrome
4. Soft tissue injury
5. Fat emboli
6. Organ laceration
7. Delayed complications eg non-union/malunion
8. Infection
Fat emboli -
correct answer ✅Fat droplets leaves the bone marrow of fractured
long bones and enter the venous circulation, travelling through the
bloodstream to organs. It can cause occlusion of vessels leading to
respiratory distress, hypercapnoea, and tachycardia. Smaller drops
,Trauma Pathophysiology Exam Questions
And Answers latest Update
may reach the kidney, brain, retina and skin. Additionally,
chylomicrons released due to haemodynamic changes eg
hypotension mobilise fat stores leading to droplet formation and
deposition in vasculature. There are also free fatty acids mobilised
from elevated concentration of catecholamines.
The triad of clinical manifestation is hypoxia, petechiae, and
neurological impairment.
Simple mechanical crush injury -
correct answer ✅Localised tissue injury when compressive force
applied. The bigger the area crushed the more likely to develop to
crush syndrome
Crush syndrome -
correct answer ✅Mild pressure over extended time or severe
pressure over short time. With removal of the compressive force
and reperfusion rhabdomyolysis occurs; release of myoglobin and
potassium from muscle breakdown enters the bloodstream.
Myoglobin causes renal failure, and potassium causes dysrhythmias
which leads to lactic acidosis --> myoglobinuric renal failure -->
shock --> death
,Trauma Pathophysiology Exam Questions
And Answers latest Update
Compartment syndrome -
correct answer ✅Caused by swelling or bleeding into a closed
fascial space from an increase in compartment contents or a
decrease in compartment size eg from pressure. Increase in
pressure impedes on vessels/nerves leading to decreased perfusion
and neurovascular compromise. Causes tissue ischaemia and
necrosis and extreme pain despite analgesia, and is evidenced by
turgid, glossy skin over site.
Shock -
correct answer ✅Clinical syndrome where tissue perfusion and
hence oxygenation is inadequate to maintain normal metabolic
function of cells and organs --> ischaemia --> tissue and organ
failure
The shock triangle -
correct answer ✅Pump, the pipes and the fluid
Cardiogenic shock -
correct answer ✅Inability of the heart to deliver sufficient blood to
tissues to meet resting metabolic demands --> reduction in CO and
BP
, Trauma Pathophysiology Exam Questions
And Answers latest Update
Distributive shock -
correct answer ✅Due to loss of vascular tone in systemic arterioles
and venules
1. Anaphylactic
2. Neurogenic
3. Septic
Neurogenic shock -
correct answer ✅Injury above T6 impairing sympathetic
innervation of vasculature allowin for unopposed parasympathetic
drive. Results in bradycardia, vasodilation, hypotension, warm, dry
and pink skin.
Obstructive shock -
correct answer ✅State of poor perfusion brought on by an
obstruction of blood through a major vessel, despite healthy
cardiovascular system and operating baroreceptor reflexes. Could
occur from pulmonary/fat embolism, tension pneumothorax,
cardiac tamponade. For example pressure impeding SVC and IVC
leading to reduce venous return. Cardiac tamponade puts pressure
on heart limiting contractility.
