NSG530 / NSG 530 Exam 1 (Latest 2024 /
2025): Advanced Pathophysiology |
Questions and Verified Answers | 100%
Correct | Grade A+ Guaranteed Pass Ace
Your Exam- Wilkes
In acute hypothermia, what physiologic change shunts blood away from the colder skin to the body core
in an effort to decrease heat loss?
a. Hypotension
b. Peripheral vasoconstriction
c. Voluntary muscle movements
d. Shivering
- Correct Answer-B.
Tissue hypothermia slows the rate of chemical reactions (tissue metabolism), increases the viscosity of the
blood, slows blood flow through microcirculation, facilitates blood coagulation, and stimulates profound
vasoconstriction. The remaining options do not fulfill this objective.
The release of which chemical mediator causes primary dysmenorrhea?
a. Leukotrienes
b. Prostaglandins
c. Bradykinin
d. C-reactive protein –
Correct Answer-B.
Primary dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation associated with the release of prostaglandins in ovulatory
cycles. This option is the only answer that accurately identifies the chemical mediator associated with
dysmenorrhea.
,Clinical manifestations that include irregular or heavy bleeding, the passage of large clots, and the
depletion of iron stores support which diagnosis?
a. Premenstrual syndrome
b. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
c. Polycystic ovary syndrome
d. Primary dysmenorrhea –
Correct Answer-B.
Unpredictable and variable bleeding, in terms of amount and duration, characterize dysfunctional uterine
bleeding. Especially during perimenopause, dysfunctional bleeding also may involve flooding and the
passage of large clots, which often indicate excessive blood loss. Excessive bleeding can lead to iron-
deficiency anemia. This option is the only answer that demonstrates the clinical manifestations described.
What statement concerning the pathogenetic mechanisms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (POS) is true?
a. POS causes a decrease in leptin levels; this decrease reduces the hypothalamic pulsatility of
gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which reduces the number of follicles that mature.
b. POS is a result of a disorder in the anterior pituitary that increases the follicle-stimulating hormone,
which reduces the luteinizing hormone released.
c. POS is a result of a combination of conditions that include oligo-ovulation or anovulation, elevated
levels of androgens, or clinical signs of hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries.
d. POS inhibits testosterone, which stimulates androgen secretion by the ovarian stroma and indirectly
reduces sex hormone-binding globulin.
- Correct Answer-C.
POS has at least two of the following conditions: oligo-ovulation or anovulation, elevated levels of
androgens, or clinical signs of hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries. Of the options available, only this
answer accurately defines the pathogenetic mechanisms of POS.
What is the leading cause of infertility in women?
,a. Pelvic inflammatory disease
b. Endometriosis
c. Salpingitis
d. Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Correct Answer-D.
Polycystic ovary syndrome remains one of the most common endocrine disturbances affecting women,
especially young women, and is a leading cause of infertility in the United States.
Considering the mediating factors of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), which medication may be used either
continually or only during the menstrual period as a treatment for the condition?
a. NSAIDs
b. Estrogen
c. SSRIs
d. Progesterone –
Correct Answer-C
. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) (an antidepressant) relieves symptoms in approximately
60% to 90% of women and may be continually administered or only prescribed during the premenstrual
period. Oral contraceptive pills that contain estrogen and progesterone also can be continuously used for
up to 3 months to decrease the frequency of menstrual periods, PMS, and premenstrual dysphoric
disorder (PMDD). Nonsteriodal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) would not be continually administered.
Which statement regarding pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is true?
a. An episode of mild PID can decrease the possibility of a successful pregnancy by 80%.
b. Such an inflammation results in temporary changes to the ciliated epithelium of the fallopian tubes.
c. PID has not been associated with an increased risk of an ectopic pregnancy.
d. Contracting this infection increases the risk of uterine cancer. –
, Correct Answer-D.
PID infection results in permanent changes to the ciliated epithelium of the fallopian or uterine tubes. A
recent study has found that one episode of mild, subclinical PID resulted in a 40% decrease in later
pregnancy rates, and multiple episodes of PID further increase the risk of infertility. Scarring caused by PID
greatly increases the risk of a later ectopic pregnancy by up to tenfold. Scarring and adhesions also can
result in chronic pelvic pain and, potentially, an increased risk of later uterine cancer.
Which term is used to identify benign uterine tumors that develop from smooth muscle cells in the
myometrium and are commonly called uterine fibroids?
a. Endometrial polyps
b. Myometrial polyps
c. Leiomyomas
d. Myometriomas –
Correct Answer-C.
Leiomyomas, commonly called myomas or uterine fibroids, are benign smooth muscle tumors in the
myometrium (see Figure 24-14). The other terms do not accurately identify the tumors described.
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB), secondary to ovarian dysfunction, is abnormal uterine bleeding
resulting from: (Select all that apply.)
a. Endometriosis
b. Progesterone deficiency
c. Sexually transmitted infections
d. Congenital abnormalities in the uterine structure
e. Estrogen excess –
Correct Answer-B, E.
Of the options available, DUB, secondary to ovarian dysfunction, is a result of either progesterone
deficiency or unopposed estrogen excess.
2025): Advanced Pathophysiology |
Questions and Verified Answers | 100%
Correct | Grade A+ Guaranteed Pass Ace
Your Exam- Wilkes
In acute hypothermia, what physiologic change shunts blood away from the colder skin to the body core
in an effort to decrease heat loss?
a. Hypotension
b. Peripheral vasoconstriction
c. Voluntary muscle movements
d. Shivering
- Correct Answer-B.
Tissue hypothermia slows the rate of chemical reactions (tissue metabolism), increases the viscosity of the
blood, slows blood flow through microcirculation, facilitates blood coagulation, and stimulates profound
vasoconstriction. The remaining options do not fulfill this objective.
The release of which chemical mediator causes primary dysmenorrhea?
a. Leukotrienes
b. Prostaglandins
c. Bradykinin
d. C-reactive protein –
Correct Answer-B.
Primary dysmenorrhea is painful menstruation associated with the release of prostaglandins in ovulatory
cycles. This option is the only answer that accurately identifies the chemical mediator associated with
dysmenorrhea.
,Clinical manifestations that include irregular or heavy bleeding, the passage of large clots, and the
depletion of iron stores support which diagnosis?
a. Premenstrual syndrome
b. Dysfunctional uterine bleeding
c. Polycystic ovary syndrome
d. Primary dysmenorrhea –
Correct Answer-B.
Unpredictable and variable bleeding, in terms of amount and duration, characterize dysfunctional uterine
bleeding. Especially during perimenopause, dysfunctional bleeding also may involve flooding and the
passage of large clots, which often indicate excessive blood loss. Excessive bleeding can lead to iron-
deficiency anemia. This option is the only answer that demonstrates the clinical manifestations described.
What statement concerning the pathogenetic mechanisms of polycystic ovarian syndrome (POS) is true?
a. POS causes a decrease in leptin levels; this decrease reduces the hypothalamic pulsatility of
gonadotropin-releasing hormone, which reduces the number of follicles that mature.
b. POS is a result of a disorder in the anterior pituitary that increases the follicle-stimulating hormone,
which reduces the luteinizing hormone released.
c. POS is a result of a combination of conditions that include oligo-ovulation or anovulation, elevated
levels of androgens, or clinical signs of hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries.
d. POS inhibits testosterone, which stimulates androgen secretion by the ovarian stroma and indirectly
reduces sex hormone-binding globulin.
- Correct Answer-C.
POS has at least two of the following conditions: oligo-ovulation or anovulation, elevated levels of
androgens, or clinical signs of hyperandrogenism and polycystic ovaries. Of the options available, only this
answer accurately defines the pathogenetic mechanisms of POS.
What is the leading cause of infertility in women?
,a. Pelvic inflammatory disease
b. Endometriosis
c. Salpingitis
d. Polycystic ovary syndrome
- Correct Answer-D.
Polycystic ovary syndrome remains one of the most common endocrine disturbances affecting women,
especially young women, and is a leading cause of infertility in the United States.
Considering the mediating factors of premenstrual syndrome (PMS), which medication may be used either
continually or only during the menstrual period as a treatment for the condition?
a. NSAIDs
b. Estrogen
c. SSRIs
d. Progesterone –
Correct Answer-C
. A selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) (an antidepressant) relieves symptoms in approximately
60% to 90% of women and may be continually administered or only prescribed during the premenstrual
period. Oral contraceptive pills that contain estrogen and progesterone also can be continuously used for
up to 3 months to decrease the frequency of menstrual periods, PMS, and premenstrual dysphoric
disorder (PMDD). Nonsteriodal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) would not be continually administered.
Which statement regarding pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) is true?
a. An episode of mild PID can decrease the possibility of a successful pregnancy by 80%.
b. Such an inflammation results in temporary changes to the ciliated epithelium of the fallopian tubes.
c. PID has not been associated with an increased risk of an ectopic pregnancy.
d. Contracting this infection increases the risk of uterine cancer. –
, Correct Answer-D.
PID infection results in permanent changes to the ciliated epithelium of the fallopian or uterine tubes. A
recent study has found that one episode of mild, subclinical PID resulted in a 40% decrease in later
pregnancy rates, and multiple episodes of PID further increase the risk of infertility. Scarring caused by PID
greatly increases the risk of a later ectopic pregnancy by up to tenfold. Scarring and adhesions also can
result in chronic pelvic pain and, potentially, an increased risk of later uterine cancer.
Which term is used to identify benign uterine tumors that develop from smooth muscle cells in the
myometrium and are commonly called uterine fibroids?
a. Endometrial polyps
b. Myometrial polyps
c. Leiomyomas
d. Myometriomas –
Correct Answer-C.
Leiomyomas, commonly called myomas or uterine fibroids, are benign smooth muscle tumors in the
myometrium (see Figure 24-14). The other terms do not accurately identify the tumors described.
Dysfunctional uterine bleeding (DUB), secondary to ovarian dysfunction, is abnormal uterine bleeding
resulting from: (Select all that apply.)
a. Endometriosis
b. Progesterone deficiency
c. Sexually transmitted infections
d. Congenital abnormalities in the uterine structure
e. Estrogen excess –
Correct Answer-B, E.
Of the options available, DUB, secondary to ovarian dysfunction, is a result of either progesterone
deficiency or unopposed estrogen excess.
