Pharm: Exam 2 Inhalation Agents
UPDATED Exam Questions and
CORRECT Answers
pharmacokinetics of inhalation agents - CORRECT ANSWER - -uptake (absorption) from
alveoli into systemic circulation
-distribution into the body
-elimination primarily via lungs
-metabolism principally in the liver
uptake and distribution - CORRECT ANSWER - -transferred from alveolar air=> blood=>
brain
-conc. of an individual gas in a mixture of gases is proportional to its partial pressure or tension
-achievement of brain conc. of an anesthetic adequate to cause anesthesia requires transfer from
alveolar air to blood and to brain
inhaled anesthetics equilibrate based on their ____ in each tissue (or tissue compartment) NOT,
on their ____ - CORRECT ANSWER - partial pressure
concentration
any gas/vapor dissolved in a liquid exerts a force to drive molecules out of solution and into the
____phase. Molecules in the gas phase counter this by exerting a force that drives them into the
____phase - CORRECT ANSWER - gas
liquid
concentration of molecules in the gas phase at equilibrium will determine the ______ of that gas
according to the ideal gas law - CORRECT ANSWER - pressure
(conc. of anesthetic in tissues depends on it's partial pressure and tissue solubility)
,what propels the inhaled anesthetics across barriers (alveoli, capillaries, cell membranes) from
the beginning of the anesthetic machine to their site of action in the CNS - CORRECT
ANSWER - a series of partial pressures
(the principle objective is to achieve a constant and optimal brain partial pressure of the inhaled
anesthetic)
the alveolar partial pressure PA of the inhaled anesthetic ____the brain partial pressure Pbr -
CORRECT ANSWER - mirrors
(PA is an indirect measure of the Pbr, PA is used as an index of the depth of anesthesia, recovery
from anesthesia, and anesthetic potency (MAC)
factors affecting the transfer of inhaled anesthetic from machine to alveoli (anesthetic input) -
CORRECT ANSWER - -inspired partial pressure
-alveoli ventilation
-characteristic of breathing system
-FRC
factors affecting the transfer of inhaled anesthetic from alveoli to arterial blood - CORRECT
ANSWER - -B:G coefficient
-CO
-alveolar-to-venous partial pressure difference
factors affecting transfer of inhaled anesthetic from arterial blood to brain (anesthetic loss) -
CORRECT ANSWER - -brain:blood coefficient
-cerebral blood flow
-arterial-to-venous pressure difference
determinants of PA - CORRECT ANSWER - -input (delivery) into alveoli minus (uptake) loss
of the drug from alveoli into arterial blood
, inhaled partial pressure (PI) is high during initial administration to offset _____from alveoli into
blood (similar to administering IV loading dose), it is then dec. during maintenance to match the
decreased uptake as tissues accumulate anesthetic - CORRECT ANSWER - uptake
a high PI delivered from the anesthetic machine is required during initial administration to offset
impact of uptake, this will help _____induction of anesthesia - CORRECT ANSWER -
accelerate
with time, as uptake into the blood dec, the PI should be ____ - CORRECT ANSWER - dec
(to match the dec anesthetic uptake and therefore maintain a constant optimal Pbr)
inc. in anesthetic conc. in the inspired air will inc both the maximum ____ that can be achieved
in the alveoli and the ____of inc in it arterial tension - CORRECT ANSWER - tension
rate
(this is useful for moderate blood solubility agents, enflurane/halothane)
3-4% conc of halothane may be inspired initially to inc. induction rate, and this is reduced to
____% for maintenance when adequate anesthesia occurs - CORRECT ANSWER - 1-2%
the conc. effect is the principle that the higher the PI, the more ____the PA approaches the PI
(more input to offset uptake) - CORRECT ANSWER - rapidly
a higher inspired concentration results in a _____high alveolar concentration - CORRECT
ANSWER - disproportionately
second gas effect - CORRECT ANSWER - -ability of high volume uptake of gas (first gas) to
accelerate the rate of inc. on PA of a concurrently administered companion gas (second gas)
-simultaneous administration of slower agent, such as halothane with a faster drug such as N2O
(in high conc) can speed the onset of the slower agent
UPDATED Exam Questions and
CORRECT Answers
pharmacokinetics of inhalation agents - CORRECT ANSWER - -uptake (absorption) from
alveoli into systemic circulation
-distribution into the body
-elimination primarily via lungs
-metabolism principally in the liver
uptake and distribution - CORRECT ANSWER - -transferred from alveolar air=> blood=>
brain
-conc. of an individual gas in a mixture of gases is proportional to its partial pressure or tension
-achievement of brain conc. of an anesthetic adequate to cause anesthesia requires transfer from
alveolar air to blood and to brain
inhaled anesthetics equilibrate based on their ____ in each tissue (or tissue compartment) NOT,
on their ____ - CORRECT ANSWER - partial pressure
concentration
any gas/vapor dissolved in a liquid exerts a force to drive molecules out of solution and into the
____phase. Molecules in the gas phase counter this by exerting a force that drives them into the
____phase - CORRECT ANSWER - gas
liquid
concentration of molecules in the gas phase at equilibrium will determine the ______ of that gas
according to the ideal gas law - CORRECT ANSWER - pressure
(conc. of anesthetic in tissues depends on it's partial pressure and tissue solubility)
,what propels the inhaled anesthetics across barriers (alveoli, capillaries, cell membranes) from
the beginning of the anesthetic machine to their site of action in the CNS - CORRECT
ANSWER - a series of partial pressures
(the principle objective is to achieve a constant and optimal brain partial pressure of the inhaled
anesthetic)
the alveolar partial pressure PA of the inhaled anesthetic ____the brain partial pressure Pbr -
CORRECT ANSWER - mirrors
(PA is an indirect measure of the Pbr, PA is used as an index of the depth of anesthesia, recovery
from anesthesia, and anesthetic potency (MAC)
factors affecting the transfer of inhaled anesthetic from machine to alveoli (anesthetic input) -
CORRECT ANSWER - -inspired partial pressure
-alveoli ventilation
-characteristic of breathing system
-FRC
factors affecting the transfer of inhaled anesthetic from alveoli to arterial blood - CORRECT
ANSWER - -B:G coefficient
-CO
-alveolar-to-venous partial pressure difference
factors affecting transfer of inhaled anesthetic from arterial blood to brain (anesthetic loss) -
CORRECT ANSWER - -brain:blood coefficient
-cerebral blood flow
-arterial-to-venous pressure difference
determinants of PA - CORRECT ANSWER - -input (delivery) into alveoli minus (uptake) loss
of the drug from alveoli into arterial blood
, inhaled partial pressure (PI) is high during initial administration to offset _____from alveoli into
blood (similar to administering IV loading dose), it is then dec. during maintenance to match the
decreased uptake as tissues accumulate anesthetic - CORRECT ANSWER - uptake
a high PI delivered from the anesthetic machine is required during initial administration to offset
impact of uptake, this will help _____induction of anesthesia - CORRECT ANSWER -
accelerate
with time, as uptake into the blood dec, the PI should be ____ - CORRECT ANSWER - dec
(to match the dec anesthetic uptake and therefore maintain a constant optimal Pbr)
inc. in anesthetic conc. in the inspired air will inc both the maximum ____ that can be achieved
in the alveoli and the ____of inc in it arterial tension - CORRECT ANSWER - tension
rate
(this is useful for moderate blood solubility agents, enflurane/halothane)
3-4% conc of halothane may be inspired initially to inc. induction rate, and this is reduced to
____% for maintenance when adequate anesthesia occurs - CORRECT ANSWER - 1-2%
the conc. effect is the principle that the higher the PI, the more ____the PA approaches the PI
(more input to offset uptake) - CORRECT ANSWER - rapidly
a higher inspired concentration results in a _____high alveolar concentration - CORRECT
ANSWER - disproportionately
second gas effect - CORRECT ANSWER - -ability of high volume uptake of gas (first gas) to
accelerate the rate of inc. on PA of a concurrently administered companion gas (second gas)
-simultaneous administration of slower agent, such as halothane with a faster drug such as N2O
(in high conc) can speed the onset of the slower agent
