1. HIV EIA (3rd generation immunoassay): can use urine, saliva, or serum (most
accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, >99%
accurate
4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard"
measures P24 antigen
can test 10 days post exposure
2. Mast cell: Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tisssue close to
blood vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory process.
3. Histamine: Causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, increases
blood flow to the site of injury- causes erythema and swelling.
4. Cytokines: Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation of innate or adaptive
resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be pro-inflammatory or anti-in-
flammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed.
5. Leukotrines: Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong the inflammatory
process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils.target
of inhibition for singular.
6. Prostaglandins: Released when mast cells degranulate, are produced by the
arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at site of injury, pain,
and fever.
7. Chemotactic factors: Biochemical substance that attracts leukocyte to the site
of inflammation
8. Neutrophils: Predominant leukocyte at work during the early stages of acute
inflammation
9. Monocytes: Become macrophages when entering the tissue, responsible for pre-
senting antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell immunity and B-cell immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
1 N/ N12
, 10. Cytokine IL1 function: Causes fever, activates phagocytes & lymphocytes and
also increases the release of IL6a
11. Cytokine IL6 function: Stimulates production of acute phase reactants and
promotes growth and stimulation of RBCs
12. Cytokine TNF function: Causes fever, increases synthesis of proinflammatory
proteins by liver, causes muscle wasting, induces thrombosis
13. Cytokine growth factor function: Promotes production and maturation of neu-
trophils
14. Complement: Functions include bacterial lysis, vasodilation and increased vas-
cular permeability, triggers mast cell degranulation, chemotaxis, and opsonization.
15. Kinin: Converted to bradykinin which is responsible for pain and chemotaxis,
and it increases vascular permeability and vasodilation.
2 N/ N12
accurate), need to wait until 12 weeks post exposure to see antibodies, >99%
accurate
4th generation immunoassay- "gold standard"
measures P24 antigen
can test 10 days post exposure
2. Mast cell: Cellular bags of granules located in loose connective tisssue close to
blood vessels. Activation initiates inflammatory process.
3. Histamine: Causes vasodilation, increases vascular permeability, increases
blood flow to the site of injury- causes erythema and swelling.
4. Cytokines: Soluble factors that contribute to the regulation of innate or adaptive
resistance by affecting other neighboring cells. Can be pro-inflammatory or anti-in-
flammatory. Can react quickly or be more delayed.
5. Leukotrines: Released when mast cells degranulate, prolong the inflammatory
process. Cause vasodilation, attract neutrophils, monocytes, and eosinophils.target
of inhibition for singular.
6. Prostaglandins: Released when mast cells degranulate, are produced by the
arachidonic pathway. Cause vasodilation, platelet aggregation at site of injury, pain,
and fever.
7. Chemotactic factors: Biochemical substance that attracts leukocyte to the site
of inflammation
8. Neutrophils: Predominant leukocyte at work during the early stages of acute
inflammation
9. Monocytes: Become macrophages when entering the tissue, responsible for pre-
senting antigens to the CD4 cell which triggers T-cell immunity and B-cell immunity.
Releases additional cytokines IL1, IL6, TNF.
1 N/ N12
, 10. Cytokine IL1 function: Causes fever, activates phagocytes & lymphocytes and
also increases the release of IL6a
11. Cytokine IL6 function: Stimulates production of acute phase reactants and
promotes growth and stimulation of RBCs
12. Cytokine TNF function: Causes fever, increases synthesis of proinflammatory
proteins by liver, causes muscle wasting, induces thrombosis
13. Cytokine growth factor function: Promotes production and maturation of neu-
trophils
14. Complement: Functions include bacterial lysis, vasodilation and increased vas-
cular permeability, triggers mast cell degranulation, chemotaxis, and opsonization.
15. Kinin: Converted to bradykinin which is responsible for pain and chemotaxis,
and it increases vascular permeability and vasodilation.
2 N/ N12
