Cal Poly BIO 123 Midterm 2 Questions and Answers

Cal Poly BIO 123 Midterm 2 Questions and Answers Biological Assigned Sex the anatomical, physiological and genetic characteristics associated with being male or female Gender Identity the psychological sense of being male or female Hijra transgender people in South Asia male to female Sexual Orientation in Animals Assertion of Dominance Prisoner Effect Social Glue Practicing Assertion of Dominance Possible reasoning for same gender mounting Prisoner Effect Extra sexual energy Lack of opposite genders Social Glue bottlenose dolphins males mate with each other routinely relieves stress Practicing to get better at sex for actual mating Human Sexual Orientation 10% of human population is LGBTQ Homosexuality can be inherited Pheromones Chemical signal that alters behavior or physiology of others Effects include: aggression, mating, feeding, living in groups, menstrual synchrony Sodomy Anal or oral sexual activity between people/person and a nonhuman animal Coolidge Effect Sex drive goes down in organisms that mate with same partner Eunuch A castrated human male Testes and sometimes penis removed Monoestrous Female is fertile one time of the year (wolves) Seasonal Polyestrous Female is fertile many times during a specific season (rodents/small animals) Monthly Estrous Female is fertile once a month (humans) No Estrous Female is fertile all the time (rabbits) Gonadotropins Sex Steroids/Hormones produced by the brain (estrogen, testosterone, progesterone Anabolic Steroids Causes testes to shrink Unnatural steroids, inhibits natural hormones Menstrual Cycle: Days 1-4 When woman first bleeds (contains cells of uterine lining) Menstrual Cycle: Days 4-14 Lining of uterus builds up due to estrogen Menstrual Cycle: Day 14 Ovulation occurs due to high levels of estrogen Menstrual Cycle: Days 14-28 Progesterone maintains uterine lining Menstrual Cycle: Day 28 Progesterone decreases and causes menstruation to occur again Plan B "morning after pill" basically a high dose of birth control doesn't "abort" a fertilized egg Control of Wildlife When humans interfere (killing cougars) then whole cycle is unbalanced Sex Pheromone chemical signal that alters sexual behavior of another individual travels slowly, lasts long, travels far Flehman Response Exposing vomeronasal organ inside the mouth to sense pheromones and deliver signals to brain Inbreeding Increases chances of homozygous recessive individuals Can uncover diseases usually hidden in heterozygotes Natural Selection Those with better traits survive better and reproduce more Nature selects which alleles move on Pass on their alleles to next generation Variation Meiosis + Mutation Necessary for evolution How Evolution Occurs Variation with a heritable genetic basis Those with best trait reproduce more Alleles for best traits become more common Evolution A change in allele frequencies for a given gene, in a given population, over generations Charles Darwin Not alone in discovering evolution by natural selection Traveled the world before publishing his book, "Origin of Species" Only Heritable Traits Evolve Even beneficial traits can't evolve if they can't be passed on Changes caused during lifetime aren't passed on Evolution Doesn't Respond to Need Species won't develop traits just because they want or need it Evolution by Natural Selection Species change over time All species are related by a common ancestor Phylogeny Depiction of branches of species Indicates when one species splits into two Speciation When one species splits into two Vestigial Traits Evidence of relatedness between species Fundamental Asymmetry of Sex Females invest more, males compete Eggs more expensive than sperm Sexual Selection Natural selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristics in individuals of the other sex