AP WORLD UNIT 7: HEIMLER'S HISTORY REVIEW

Which countries saw dramatic shifts in power in the early 20th century? - ANS The authoritarian governments of Russia, China, Mexico, & the Ottoman Empire were all brought down by revolutions. What happened in the Russian Revolution? - ANS Russia was industrially behind the rest of Europe and was suffering economically because of it. World War I found them vulnerable and fighting the Austrians and Germans alone. This exhausted their resources and the overthrowing of the Tzar. This led the rise of Vladimir Lenin, and an eventual communist revolution. What happened in the Revolution in China? - ANS Long standing tensions between the Manchurian Qing and the Han Chinese finally came to an end in a revolution to establish a more democratic form of government led by Sun Yat-sen. This led to the formation of the Chinese Republic in 1912. What happened in the Revolution in Mexico? - ANS President Porfiro Diaz, whose reforms had mostly left a huge gap between the rich and the landless peasants, was taken down in a revolt by Madero. Madero was subsequently assassinated, which led to further socialist reforms. What happened in the Ottoman Revolution? - ANS Viewed as the "Sick Man of Europe" the Ottoman Empire had suffered a series of military defeats and a sinking economy by the 19th century. They had attempted to fix some of this with the Tanzimat reforms but they didn't go far enough. The Young Turks rose to power advocating a Constitutional Government that was eventually brought into reality in 1923. What were the MAIN causes of World War I? - ANS Militarism, Alliances, Imperialism, Nationalism What was the spark that started World War I? - ANS Serbian nationalists killed the Archduke of Austria-Hungary, which led to the alliances kicking in. What is a total war? - ANS All resources of a given state, including civilians and manufacturing, are put in service of the war effort. World War I was the first total war. How did changes in technology make this war different from all that had come before it? - ANS WWI was the bloodiest war the world had ever seen. The addition of modern weapons like machine guns, and poison gas, plus the use of trench warfare led to a stalemate and a war of attrition (both sides just trying to wear each other down). What is propaganda and how was it used in World War I? - ANS . Propaganda is when the government shares information that is highly biased & often misrepresents facts to create a strong emotional response. Propaganda in WWI demonized the enemy and kept people strongly behind the war effort. What was the outcome of World War I and what was the treaty that ended it? - ANS The Allies won and the Central Powers lost. The Treaty of Versailles ended the war. What did the Treaty of Versailles do to the losing party? - ANS The War Guilt Clause forced Germany to take full responsibility for the war. They also had to pay reparations (payment for damage). Additionally, they had to surrender valuable lands to the winners, including all of their colonial holdings. What happened to Germany's economy after World War I? - ANS With their industrial capacity diminished and billions of dollars in reparations to pay, their economy spiraled into hyper-inflation (this means that their money, the German Mark, was severely devalued). This led to a lot of suffering for average Germans. What kinds of steps were taken by the United States to counteract the Great Depression? - ANS Inspired by economist John Maynard Keynes, American president Franklin Delano Roosevelt started spending borrowed money to put Americans back to work on infrastructure and other public projects. The belief was that this would jump start the economy. This is a great example of how after governments began to take a more active role in economic life during this era. What was the Great Depression and why did it have a world wide effect? - ANS The Great Depression began in the United States when the stock market crashed in 1929. Because the world economy was deeply intertwined the impact soon became global. What did government intervention in the Soviet Economy look like? - ANS Before the Great Depression, Lenin witnessed the almost total collapse of the Soviet economy. He implemented the New Economic Policy which allowed some free market capitalism into Russia to revive the economy. Stalin, who became the leader after Lenin's death, started a series of Five Year Plans which increased government spending to industrialize the Soviet Union and collectivize its farms. What is Fascism? Where did it begin? - ANS Fascism began in Germany and Italy. It is a form of government that is highly authoritarian, extremely nationalistic, and promotes heavy government intervention in economics. In facism the supremacy of the state matters more than any individual right. What policy of government intervention in the economy was used by fascist states? - ANS Corporatism is the economic policy of fascism that means that every sector of the economy was understood as a separate entity, but ultimately serving the state. How did Adolf Hitler try to fix Germany's economy? - ANS He cancelled payment of reparations and violated the Treaty of Versailles by directing government spending to build up the military. This helps to explain the causes of World War II What was the expectation of colonized countries who had fought for their colonizer in World War I? - ANS They expected a path to independence: decolonization. This did not happen. This helps to explain the continuities in territorial holdings from 1900 to the present. What movements began in India to press for independence? - ANS Indians formed the Indian National Congress (INC) to formally present their complaints to the British Parliament. Gandhi became the leader of this movement and led people in civil disobedience against unjust British laws. This is a good example of non-violent, anti-imperial resistance. What were the causes of World War II? - ANS The causes of World War II include the unsustainable peace settlement after World War I, the global economic crisis engendered by the Great Depression, continued imperialist aspirations, and especially the rise to power of fascist and totalitarian regimes that resulted in the aggressive militarism of Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler.