Critical Thinking: Reason and Evidence
D265 Exam Questions & Answers 100%
Correct!
Proposition - ANSWERSstatements that can be true or false
Non-Proposition - ANSWERSare not statements about matters of fact. They do not
make a claim that can be true or false.
Simple Proposition - ANSWERShave no internal logical structure, meaning whether
they are true or false does not depend on whether a part of them is true or false. They
are simply true or false on their own. (the sky is blue)
Complex Propositions - ANSWERShave internal logical structure, meaning they are
composed of simple propositions. Whether complex propositions are true or false
depends on whether their parts are true or false and how those parts are connected.
(the sky is blue, but it does not look blue to me right now)
Premise Indicators - ANSWERSBecause
For
Given that
In that
As
Since
As indicated by
Conclusions - ANSWERSthe claim that the whole argument is intended to support or
demonstrate or prove.
Inference/Argument - ANSWERSAny time you are being asked to accept one claim on
the basis of or because of any number of other claims, you have an inference/argument.
"I believe x, because of y, z, and w" or "Because a, b and c, we have to believe that d."
Inductive - ANSWERSif the premises do not guarantee the conclusion
Deductive - ANSWERSif they intend to guarantee the conclusion or make the
conclusion certain
Abduction - ANSWERSArguments where the best available explanation is chosen as
the correct explanation
Truth - ANSWERSA true proposition accurately represents reality
, Validity - ANSWERSIn a good deductive argument structure, true premises would make
the conclusion necessarily true. (If not, it is an invalid structure.)
Soundness - ANSWERSA deductive argument is sound if it has a valid structure and all
its premises are true. (If an argument is deductive but has either an invalid structure or
at least one false premise, then it is an unsound argument.)
Strength - ANSWERSIn an inductive argument, the truth of the premises would make
the conclusion probably true.
Cogency - ANSWERSAn inductive argument is cogent if it is strong and all its premises
are true. (If an argument is inductive but either is weak or has at least one false
premise, then it is an uncogent argument.)
Cognitive Bias - ANSWERSThe way we naturally categorize and make sense of the
world around us.
Premise - ANSWERSa proposition lending support to the conclusion. (all poodles have
curly hair)
Bad Inferential Structure - ANSWERSIn arguments with a bad form or structure, the
premises do not, in fact, demonstrate or maybe even support the conclusion. In other
words, we can accept the premises as true without being logically compelled to accept
the conclusion.
False Premise - ANSWERSIn arguments with false premise(s), there is something
wrong with their particular content.
Conclusion Indicators - ANSWERSTherefore
So
It follows that
Hence
Thus
Entails that
We may conclude that
Implies that
Wherefore
As a result
Alief - ANSWERSAn automatic belief-like attitude that can explain how our instinctual
responses can conflict with our reasoned-out beliefs.
Heuristic - ANSWERSa rule of thumb, a ready strategy, or a shortcut
D265 Exam Questions & Answers 100%
Correct!
Proposition - ANSWERSstatements that can be true or false
Non-Proposition - ANSWERSare not statements about matters of fact. They do not
make a claim that can be true or false.
Simple Proposition - ANSWERShave no internal logical structure, meaning whether
they are true or false does not depend on whether a part of them is true or false. They
are simply true or false on their own. (the sky is blue)
Complex Propositions - ANSWERShave internal logical structure, meaning they are
composed of simple propositions. Whether complex propositions are true or false
depends on whether their parts are true or false and how those parts are connected.
(the sky is blue, but it does not look blue to me right now)
Premise Indicators - ANSWERSBecause
For
Given that
In that
As
Since
As indicated by
Conclusions - ANSWERSthe claim that the whole argument is intended to support or
demonstrate or prove.
Inference/Argument - ANSWERSAny time you are being asked to accept one claim on
the basis of or because of any number of other claims, you have an inference/argument.
"I believe x, because of y, z, and w" or "Because a, b and c, we have to believe that d."
Inductive - ANSWERSif the premises do not guarantee the conclusion
Deductive - ANSWERSif they intend to guarantee the conclusion or make the
conclusion certain
Abduction - ANSWERSArguments where the best available explanation is chosen as
the correct explanation
Truth - ANSWERSA true proposition accurately represents reality
, Validity - ANSWERSIn a good deductive argument structure, true premises would make
the conclusion necessarily true. (If not, it is an invalid structure.)
Soundness - ANSWERSA deductive argument is sound if it has a valid structure and all
its premises are true. (If an argument is deductive but has either an invalid structure or
at least one false premise, then it is an unsound argument.)
Strength - ANSWERSIn an inductive argument, the truth of the premises would make
the conclusion probably true.
Cogency - ANSWERSAn inductive argument is cogent if it is strong and all its premises
are true. (If an argument is inductive but either is weak or has at least one false
premise, then it is an uncogent argument.)
Cognitive Bias - ANSWERSThe way we naturally categorize and make sense of the
world around us.
Premise - ANSWERSa proposition lending support to the conclusion. (all poodles have
curly hair)
Bad Inferential Structure - ANSWERSIn arguments with a bad form or structure, the
premises do not, in fact, demonstrate or maybe even support the conclusion. In other
words, we can accept the premises as true without being logically compelled to accept
the conclusion.
False Premise - ANSWERSIn arguments with false premise(s), there is something
wrong with their particular content.
Conclusion Indicators - ANSWERSTherefore
So
It follows that
Hence
Thus
Entails that
We may conclude that
Implies that
Wherefore
As a result
Alief - ANSWERSAn automatic belief-like attitude that can explain how our instinctual
responses can conflict with our reasoned-out beliefs.
Heuristic - ANSWERSa rule of thumb, a ready strategy, or a shortcut
