Intro to Cognitive Science Exam 1 Questions and Answers 100% Pass

Intro to Cognitive Science Exam 1 Questions and Answers 100% Pass Cognitive Science - An interdisciplinary study of the mind and intelligence that brings together different fields to figure out how the mind works 5 Fields that Contribute to Cognitive Science - Psychology, Philosophy, Linguistics, Neuroscience and Computer Science Factors that Gave Rise to Cognitive Science - (1) Demise of behaviorism (2) New, noninvasive ways were developed for studying cognitive activity (ex. PET, MRI, etc.) and (3) Rise of the computer (using computational modeling for understanding brain) Rationalism - Knowledge can be gained simply by thought and reasoning Empiricism - Knowledge is learned from experience Psychological Behaviorism - Claims that psychology should focus on observable behaviors in research and not mental states (private entities) Conditioned Stimulus - A previously neutral stimulus that, when paired with an unconditioned stimulus, creates a conditioned response (ex. Bell in Pavlov's dogs) EMILY CHARLENE © 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 2 Conditioned Response - A behavioral response that results when a conditioned stimulus is present (ex. salivation when bell is rung) How behaviorism explains learning - All learning takes place through conditioning of a desired behavior and reinforcement of that behavior when its performed Demise of Behaviorism - Tolman's rats experiment Details of Tolman's rats experiment - Behaviorists Tolman and Honzik tested rats' navigation of mazes (three groups) Group 1 given continuous reward for positive behavior, Group 2 never rewarded, Group 3 not rewarded for first 10 days but rewarded thereafter; Group 3 learned to navigate once rewarded, but learned faster than group 1- results showed that rats are capable of latent learning and reinforcement is not required for learning Latent Learning - The ability to store information for later use without any process of reinforcement CRUM - Computational-representational understanding of the mind; central hypothesis of cognitive science Concepts of CRUM - Thinking is best understood in terms of representational structures in the mind and computational procedures that operate on those structures (representation + computation = thought); All other views of thought are examples of CRUM EMILY CHARLENE © 2025, ALL RIGHTS RESERVED 3 Behaviorist View of Language Acquisition - Children learn language by being positively reinforced when they produce correct verbal expression and negatively reinforced when they produce errors. Process is repeated over time, and children learn to produce complex words and sentences Arguments Against Behaviorist View of Language Acquisition - Language is learned (1) without explicit teaching (2) language is learned under varying circumstances and (3) in a limited amount of time; children are not always corrected on grammar errors and when they are, it has no apparent effect, Universal Grammar (UG) - The best way to explain language learning; An innate (but not complete) set of linguistic rules (common to all languages) that play an important role in the generation (and comprehension) of an indefinite number of well- formed sentences using finite means; developed by Noam Chomsky Poverty of Stimulus Argument - Developed by Chomsky; argues that complexity of learned language goes beyond linguistic data received by speaker