Psychology Chapters 1-14
psychology - correct answers The scientific study of mind and behavior
aversion therapy - correct answers A behavioral therapy in which positive punishment is used to reduce
the frequency of an undesirable behavior.
cognitive therapy - correct answers A psychological treatment that helps clients identify incorrect or
distorted beliefs that are contributing to disorder.
eclectic therapy - correct answers An approach to treatment in which the therapist uses whichever
techniques seem most useful and relevant for a given patient.
biomedical therapies - correct answers Treatments designed to reduce psychological disorder by
influencing the action of the central nervous system.
Psychostimulants - correct answers treats attention- deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Antidepressants - correct answers treats depression and anxiety disorders
mood stabilizers - correct answers treats bipolar disorder
antianxiety disorders - correct answers treats anxiety, panic, and mood disorders
Antipsychotics (Neuroleptics) - correct answers Schizophrenia
antidepressant medications - correct answers Drugs designed to improve moods.
antianxiety medications - correct answers Drugs designed to help relieve fear or anxiety.
antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) - correct answers Drugs that treat the symptoms of schizophrenia
and related disorders.
electroconvulsive therapy - correct answers A medical procedure designed to alleviate psychological
disorder in which electric currents are passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure.
transcranial magnetic stimulation - correct answers A medical procedure designed to reduce
psychological disorder that uses a pulsing magnetic coil to electrically stimulate the brain.
psychosurgery - correct answers Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in the hope of improving
disorder.
group therapy - correct answers Psychotherapy in which clients receive psychological treatment
together with others.
self-help group - correct answers A voluntary association of people who share a common desire to
overcome psychological disorder or improve their well-being.
,community mental health services - correct answers Psychological treatments and interventions that
are distributed at the community level. The focus of community mental health services is prevention.
risk factors - correct answers The social, environmental, and economic vulnerabilities that make it more
likely than average that a given individual will develop a disorder.
outcome research - correct answers Studies that assess the effectiveness of medical treatments.
meta-analysis - correct answers A statistical technique that uses the results of existing studies to
integrate and draw conclusions about those studies.
.
data - correct answers Any information collected through formal observation or measurement.
hindsight bias - correct answers The tendency to think that we could have predicted something that has
already occurred that we probably would not have been able to predict.
scientific method - correct answers The set of assumptions, rules, and procedures that scientists use to
conduct empirical research.
levels of explanation - correct answers The perspectives that are used to understand behavior.
individual differences - correct answers The variations among people on physical or psychological
dimensions.
structuralism - correct answers Uses the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or
"structures" of psychological experience
functionalism - correct answers Attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed the
particular psychological aspects that they currently possess
psychodyamic - correct answers Focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and
memories and our early childhood experiences in determining behavior
behaviorism - correct answers Based on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study the mind,
and therefore that psychologists should limit their attention to the study of behavior itself
cognitive - correct answers The study of mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and
judgments
social-cultural - correct answers The study of how the social situations and the cultures in which people
find themselves influence thinking and behavior
heritability - correct answers The proportion of the observed differences on characteristics among
people (e.g., in terms of their height, intelligence, or optimism) that is due to genetics.
nature vs nurture - correct answers Are genes or environment most influential in determining the
behavior of individuals and in accounting for differences among people?
,free will vs determinism - correct answers This question concerns the extent to which people have
control over their own actions. Are we the products of our environment, guided by forces out of our
control, or are we able to choose the behaviors we engage in?
accuracy vs inaccuracy - correct answers To what extent are humans good information processors?
conscious vs unconscious - correct answers To what extent are we conscious of our own actions and the
causes of them, and to what extent are our behaviors caused by influences that we are not aware of?
differences vs similarities - correct answers To what extent are we all similar, and to what extent are we
different?
plato and aristotle - correct answers Earliest psychologists that we know about. One believed that
knowledge was innate, and the other believed that each human is born as an empty slate.
introspection - correct answers A method of learning about psychological processes in which research
participants are asked to describe exactly what they experience as they work on mental tasks.
evolutionary psychology - correct answers A branch of psychology that applies the Darwinian theory of
natural selection to human and animal behavior.
fitness - correct answers The extent to which having a given genetic characteristic helps an individual
organism survive and reproduce at a higher rate than do other members of the species who do not have
the characteristic.
psychodynamic psychology - correct answers An approach to understanding human behavior that
focuses on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories.
social norms - correct answers The ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that are shared by group
members and are perceived by them as appropriate.
culture - correct answers A common set of social norms, including religious and family values and other
moral beliefs, shared by the people who live in a geographical region.
biopsychology and neuroscience - correct answers This field examines the physiological bases of
behavior in animals and humans by studying the functioning of different brain areas and the effects of
hormones and neurotransmitters on behavior.
clinical and counseling psychology - correct answers These are the largest fields of psychology. The
focus is on the assessment, diagnosis, causes, and treatment of mental disorders.
developmental psychology - correct answers These psychologists conduct research on the cognitive,
emotional, and social changes that occur across the lifespan.
forensic psychology - correct answers Apply psychological principles to understand the behavior of
judges, attorneys, courtroom juries, and others in the criminal justice system.
health psychology - correct answers Concerned with understanding how biology, behavior, and the
social situation influence health and illness.
, industrial- organizational and environmental psychology - correct answers Applies psychology to the
workplace with the goal of improving the performance and well-being of employees.
personality psychology - correct answers These psychologists study people and the differences among
them. The goal is to develop theories that explain the psychological processes of individuals, and to
focus on individual differences.
school and educational psychology - correct answers This field studies how people
learn in school, the effectiveness
of school programs, and the psychology of teaching.
social and cross-cultural psychology - correct answers This field examines people's interactions with
other people. Topics of study include conformity, group behavior, leadership, attitudes, and person
perception
sports psychology - correct answers This field studies the psychological aspects of sports behavior. The
goal is to understand the psychological factors that influence performance in sports, including the role
of exercise and team interactions.
basic research - correct answers Research that answers fundamental questions about behavior.
applied research - correct answers Research that investigates issues that have implications for everyday
life and provides solutions to everyday problems.
empirical - correct answers Based on systematic collection and analysis of data.
objective - correct answers Free from the personal bias or emotions of the scientist
laws - correct answers Principles that are so general as to apply to all situations in a given domain of
inquiry.
theory - correct answers An integrated set of principles that explains and predicts many, but not all,
observed relationships within a given domain of inquiry.
falsifiable - correct answers A characteristic of a theory or research hypothesis in which the variables of
interest can be adequately measured and the predicted relationships among the variables can be shown
through research to be incorrect.
research hypothesis - correct answers A specific and falsifiable prediction about the relationship
between or among two or more variables.
variable - correct answers Any attribute that can assume different values among different people or
across different times or places.
conceptual variables - correct answers Abstract ideas that form the basis of research hypotheses.
measured variables - correct answers Variables consisting of numbers that represent the conceptual
variables.
psychology - correct answers The scientific study of mind and behavior
aversion therapy - correct answers A behavioral therapy in which positive punishment is used to reduce
the frequency of an undesirable behavior.
cognitive therapy - correct answers A psychological treatment that helps clients identify incorrect or
distorted beliefs that are contributing to disorder.
eclectic therapy - correct answers An approach to treatment in which the therapist uses whichever
techniques seem most useful and relevant for a given patient.
biomedical therapies - correct answers Treatments designed to reduce psychological disorder by
influencing the action of the central nervous system.
Psychostimulants - correct answers treats attention- deficit/ hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
Antidepressants - correct answers treats depression and anxiety disorders
mood stabilizers - correct answers treats bipolar disorder
antianxiety disorders - correct answers treats anxiety, panic, and mood disorders
Antipsychotics (Neuroleptics) - correct answers Schizophrenia
antidepressant medications - correct answers Drugs designed to improve moods.
antianxiety medications - correct answers Drugs designed to help relieve fear or anxiety.
antipsychotic drugs (neuroleptics) - correct answers Drugs that treat the symptoms of schizophrenia
and related disorders.
electroconvulsive therapy - correct answers A medical procedure designed to alleviate psychological
disorder in which electric currents are passed through the brain, deliberately triggering a brief seizure.
transcranial magnetic stimulation - correct answers A medical procedure designed to reduce
psychological disorder that uses a pulsing magnetic coil to electrically stimulate the brain.
psychosurgery - correct answers Surgery that removes or destroys brain tissue in the hope of improving
disorder.
group therapy - correct answers Psychotherapy in which clients receive psychological treatment
together with others.
self-help group - correct answers A voluntary association of people who share a common desire to
overcome psychological disorder or improve their well-being.
,community mental health services - correct answers Psychological treatments and interventions that
are distributed at the community level. The focus of community mental health services is prevention.
risk factors - correct answers The social, environmental, and economic vulnerabilities that make it more
likely than average that a given individual will develop a disorder.
outcome research - correct answers Studies that assess the effectiveness of medical treatments.
meta-analysis - correct answers A statistical technique that uses the results of existing studies to
integrate and draw conclusions about those studies.
.
data - correct answers Any information collected through formal observation or measurement.
hindsight bias - correct answers The tendency to think that we could have predicted something that has
already occurred that we probably would not have been able to predict.
scientific method - correct answers The set of assumptions, rules, and procedures that scientists use to
conduct empirical research.
levels of explanation - correct answers The perspectives that are used to understand behavior.
individual differences - correct answers The variations among people on physical or psychological
dimensions.
structuralism - correct answers Uses the method of introspection to identify the basic elements or
"structures" of psychological experience
functionalism - correct answers Attempts to understand why animals and humans have developed the
particular psychological aspects that they currently possess
psychodyamic - correct answers Focuses on the role of our unconscious thoughts, feelings, and
memories and our early childhood experiences in determining behavior
behaviorism - correct answers Based on the premise that it is not possible to objectively study the mind,
and therefore that psychologists should limit their attention to the study of behavior itself
cognitive - correct answers The study of mental processes, including perception, thinking, memory, and
judgments
social-cultural - correct answers The study of how the social situations and the cultures in which people
find themselves influence thinking and behavior
heritability - correct answers The proportion of the observed differences on characteristics among
people (e.g., in terms of their height, intelligence, or optimism) that is due to genetics.
nature vs nurture - correct answers Are genes or environment most influential in determining the
behavior of individuals and in accounting for differences among people?
,free will vs determinism - correct answers This question concerns the extent to which people have
control over their own actions. Are we the products of our environment, guided by forces out of our
control, or are we able to choose the behaviors we engage in?
accuracy vs inaccuracy - correct answers To what extent are humans good information processors?
conscious vs unconscious - correct answers To what extent are we conscious of our own actions and the
causes of them, and to what extent are our behaviors caused by influences that we are not aware of?
differences vs similarities - correct answers To what extent are we all similar, and to what extent are we
different?
plato and aristotle - correct answers Earliest psychologists that we know about. One believed that
knowledge was innate, and the other believed that each human is born as an empty slate.
introspection - correct answers A method of learning about psychological processes in which research
participants are asked to describe exactly what they experience as they work on mental tasks.
evolutionary psychology - correct answers A branch of psychology that applies the Darwinian theory of
natural selection to human and animal behavior.
fitness - correct answers The extent to which having a given genetic characteristic helps an individual
organism survive and reproduce at a higher rate than do other members of the species who do not have
the characteristic.
psychodynamic psychology - correct answers An approach to understanding human behavior that
focuses on the role of unconscious thoughts, feelings, and memories.
social norms - correct answers The ways of thinking, feeling, or behaving that are shared by group
members and are perceived by them as appropriate.
culture - correct answers A common set of social norms, including religious and family values and other
moral beliefs, shared by the people who live in a geographical region.
biopsychology and neuroscience - correct answers This field examines the physiological bases of
behavior in animals and humans by studying the functioning of different brain areas and the effects of
hormones and neurotransmitters on behavior.
clinical and counseling psychology - correct answers These are the largest fields of psychology. The
focus is on the assessment, diagnosis, causes, and treatment of mental disorders.
developmental psychology - correct answers These psychologists conduct research on the cognitive,
emotional, and social changes that occur across the lifespan.
forensic psychology - correct answers Apply psychological principles to understand the behavior of
judges, attorneys, courtroom juries, and others in the criminal justice system.
health psychology - correct answers Concerned with understanding how biology, behavior, and the
social situation influence health and illness.
, industrial- organizational and environmental psychology - correct answers Applies psychology to the
workplace with the goal of improving the performance and well-being of employees.
personality psychology - correct answers These psychologists study people and the differences among
them. The goal is to develop theories that explain the psychological processes of individuals, and to
focus on individual differences.
school and educational psychology - correct answers This field studies how people
learn in school, the effectiveness
of school programs, and the psychology of teaching.
social and cross-cultural psychology - correct answers This field examines people's interactions with
other people. Topics of study include conformity, group behavior, leadership, attitudes, and person
perception
sports psychology - correct answers This field studies the psychological aspects of sports behavior. The
goal is to understand the psychological factors that influence performance in sports, including the role
of exercise and team interactions.
basic research - correct answers Research that answers fundamental questions about behavior.
applied research - correct answers Research that investigates issues that have implications for everyday
life and provides solutions to everyday problems.
empirical - correct answers Based on systematic collection and analysis of data.
objective - correct answers Free from the personal bias or emotions of the scientist
laws - correct answers Principles that are so general as to apply to all situations in a given domain of
inquiry.
theory - correct answers An integrated set of principles that explains and predicts many, but not all,
observed relationships within a given domain of inquiry.
falsifiable - correct answers A characteristic of a theory or research hypothesis in which the variables of
interest can be adequately measured and the predicted relationships among the variables can be shown
through research to be incorrect.
research hypothesis - correct answers A specific and falsifiable prediction about the relationship
between or among two or more variables.
variable - correct answers Any attribute that can assume different values among different people or
across different times or places.
conceptual variables - correct answers Abstract ideas that form the basis of research hypotheses.
measured variables - correct answers Variables consisting of numbers that represent the conceptual
variables.
