Allergic Rhinitis- Latest Update 2025 Exam Questions Fully Solved (Rated A+)

Allergic Rhinitis- Latest Update 2025 Exam Questions Fully Solved (Rated A+) --- is a systemic disease with prominent nasal symptoms. - Answers - allergic rhinitis note: - Answers Allergic rhinitis is not allergies, but instead the manifestation of allergies. For this class, allergies and Allergic Rhinitis are the synonymous Allergies tend not to affect what age? - Answers <2 and >65 What are allergens? - Answers - anything that causes Allergic Rhinitis What are the 4 stages of the pathophysiology of Allergic Rhinitis? - Answers 1. Sensitization - the initial allergen exposure and results in the production of IgE 2. Early Phase - occurs within minutes of allergen exposure; rapid release of mast cells mediators such as histamine 3. Cellular recruitment - circulating leukocytes are attracted to nasal mucosa and release more inflammatory mediators 4. Late phase- occurs 2-4 hours after antigen exposure, mucus hypersecretion (runny eyes and nose), persistent inflammation The full pathophysiology of allergic rhinitis. - Answers - Initial contact with an allergen, such as pollen, sensitizes the immune system and leads to the production of IgE. These IgE can then bind to and activate mast cells - On reexposure, allergen binds and cross links IgE molecules on the surface of mast cells under mucosal surfaces such as in the throat and nasal mucosa - The binding of the antigen with IgE causes the subsequent release of mediators, including histamin e, which in turn leads to allergenic symptoms in the nose, eyes, and throat What are the 2 classifications of Allergic Rhinitis? - Answers 1. Intermittent Allergic Rhinitis (IAR) 2. Persistent Allergic Rhinitis (PAR) What is Intermittent Allergic Rhinitis? - Answers - when allergic symptoms occur < 4 days /week OR < 4 weeks - mild IAR = symptoms do not impair sleep or daily activities - moderate-to-severe IAR = impaired sleep or daily activities or troublesome symptoms What is Persistent Allergic Rhinitis? - Answers - when allergic symptoms occur >4 days per week AND > 4 weeks - mild PAR = when symptoms do not impair sleep or daily activities, no troublesome symptoms - moderate-to-severe PAR = when symptoms impair sleep or daily activities or troublesome symptoms What is seasonal rhinitis? - Answers - allergies that occur in certain seasons - aka hay fever What is perennial rhinitis? - Answers - allergies that occur all year around What are symptoms of allergic rhinitis? - Answers - red, irritated eyes - rhinorrhea (runny nose) - itchy eyes, nose, and palate - frequent sneezing - post nasal drip (PND) - cough due to PND - nasal congestion - systemic symptoms: fatigue, irritability, malaise, cognitive impairment True/False. Symptoms of allergic rhinitis are worse in the morning, better during the day, and better at night. - Answers - True Blood pool under the eye due to nasal congestion are facial features of allergic rhinitis. What are they called? - Answers - Allergic Shiners Lines under they eye (caused by swelling) are facial features of allergic rhinitis. What are they called? - Answers - Dennie's lines --- occurs when nose is rubbed upward, often a facial feature of allergic rhinitis. - Answers - Allergic Salute The Allergic Salute often causes ---, creases in the nose, often a facial feature of allergic rhinitis. - Answers - Allergic Crease What are some complications due to allergic rhinitis? - Answers - sinusitis - Otis media - sleep apnea - nasal polyps - diminished sense of smell What is the treatment approach for allergic rhinitis? - Answers Allergic rhinitis can be treated in three steps. * Each step should be maximized before moving to the next step. 1. Avoiding allergens 2. Pharmacotherapy 3. Immunotherapy What are nonpharmacologic therapies for allergies? - Answers - avoid allergens - lower household humidity to less than 40% to avoid dust mites and indoor mold - keep house clean and launder all bedding weekly in hot water - avoid outdoor activity when pollen counts are high ( keep house and car windows closed ) - use ventilation systems to remove pollen, mold spores, and cat allergens from household air What is the pharmacologic therapy for Allergic Rhinitis? - Answers - Antihistamines - Antihistamines act as an anticholinergic to help dry up any rhinorrhea or PND that may cause coughing - First generation antihistamines can cause drowsiness helping with insomnia - diphenhydramine acts as an antitussive to fight dry cough - the antihistamine action helps with itching What is the mechanism of action for an antihistamine? - Answers - Mast cell releases histamine that causes symptoms, such as itchy, watery eyes. - Antihistamines prevent histamine from binding to histamine receptors on blood vessels and