Cancer immunology| EXAM QUESTIONS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS (ANSWERS VERIFIED 100%
CORRECT)
describe cancer evolution - ✔✔1. first mutagenic event affects cell cycle or loss of
tumour suppressor gene - increased growth
2. In hyperplasia (may not be cancerous — neoplasms) , mutagenic event
3. Another mutagenic event, cells become dysplastic - behave abnormal
4. mutagenic event 4 - become metastatic
- Vogelstein molecular model
- doesn't explain childhood cancers
Give an overview of how tumours grow - ✔✔- cell lose control = tumour/neoplasm
- growth advantage of tumour to produce selective pressure for more mutations
1. becomes benign (harmless) tumour, can't travel to distal sites; needs secondary for
more mutations
2. Becomes invasive tumour cells - cancer is usually screened here
3. Have to now treat both primary and secondary cancer after spreading - becomes
malignant
benign - ✔✔unable to invade healthy surrounding tissue, incapable of indefinite
growth
malignant - ✔✔becomes progressively more invasive - metasize
- genetically unstable - more mutations needed
, difference between abnormal and cancer cells - ✔✔abnormal divide and replicate
under limit - Hayflick's limit, cancer cells ignore it, upreg telomerase
What are the classification of cancers - ✔✔- from embryonic tissue origin
- Carcinomas
- sarcomas
- Lymphomas (90%), myelomas (b cell tumour in bone) (1%) and leukaemia (9%) (blood
cancer)
Carcinomas - ✔✔- from epithelial origins
- skin, gut, epithelial linings
sarcomas - ✔✔- in mesodermal connective tissue
- bone, fat, cartilage tissue
Lymphomas (90%), myelomas (b cell tumour in bone) (1%) and leukaemia (9%) (blood
cancer - ✔✔in haemopoietic stem cells
Hallmarks of cancer - ✔✔- sustaining proliferative signalling
- evading growth suppressors
- activating invasion and metastasis
- enabling replicative immortality - go beyond senescence
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS (ANSWERS VERIFIED 100%
CORRECT)
describe cancer evolution - ✔✔1. first mutagenic event affects cell cycle or loss of
tumour suppressor gene - increased growth
2. In hyperplasia (may not be cancerous — neoplasms) , mutagenic event
3. Another mutagenic event, cells become dysplastic - behave abnormal
4. mutagenic event 4 - become metastatic
- Vogelstein molecular model
- doesn't explain childhood cancers
Give an overview of how tumours grow - ✔✔- cell lose control = tumour/neoplasm
- growth advantage of tumour to produce selective pressure for more mutations
1. becomes benign (harmless) tumour, can't travel to distal sites; needs secondary for
more mutations
2. Becomes invasive tumour cells - cancer is usually screened here
3. Have to now treat both primary and secondary cancer after spreading - becomes
malignant
benign - ✔✔unable to invade healthy surrounding tissue, incapable of indefinite
growth
malignant - ✔✔becomes progressively more invasive - metasize
- genetically unstable - more mutations needed
, difference between abnormal and cancer cells - ✔✔abnormal divide and replicate
under limit - Hayflick's limit, cancer cells ignore it, upreg telomerase
What are the classification of cancers - ✔✔- from embryonic tissue origin
- Carcinomas
- sarcomas
- Lymphomas (90%), myelomas (b cell tumour in bone) (1%) and leukaemia (9%) (blood
cancer)
Carcinomas - ✔✔- from epithelial origins
- skin, gut, epithelial linings
sarcomas - ✔✔- in mesodermal connective tissue
- bone, fat, cartilage tissue
Lymphomas (90%), myelomas (b cell tumour in bone) (1%) and leukaemia (9%) (blood
cancer - ✔✔in haemopoietic stem cells
Hallmarks of cancer - ✔✔- sustaining proliferative signalling
- evading growth suppressors
- activating invasion and metastasis
- enabling replicative immortality - go beyond senescence
