Cardiology Heart failure Basic Principles test questions and answers.

Cardiology: Heart failure
Basic Principles test
questions and answers
Pulmonary edema
Potential mechanisms*

Imbalance of Starling forces
-Increased pulmonary capillary pressure
-Decreased plasma oncotic pressure
-Increased negativity of interstitial pressure
-Pneumothorax reexpansion pulmonary edema

Altered alveolar-capillary membrane permeability




Noncardiogenic pulmonary edema
Causes*

Sepsis

Anaphylaxis

Pulmonary infection

Pulmonary inflammation

Hypoalbuminemia

Neurological insult

High altitude

Others

, Cardiac function
Determined by*

Contractility

Preload

Afterload

Heart rate
Preload
The volume of blood in the ventricles during diastole
Afterload
The resistance the heart has to overcome to pump blood into the
vessels
Contractility
Force that the ventricles exert

Independent of preload and afterload
Stroke volume
Determined by contractility, preload, and afterload
Heart failure
Pathophysiology

Every case is due to a problem with 1+ of the following
-Contractility
-Preload
-Afterload
-Heart rate

Treatment needs to be based on identification of the problems, then
target the problem
Heart failure
Diagnosis

Medical history