1. Which of the following processes is most responsible for cellular
injury in hypoxia?
A. Increased production of ATP
B. Decreased intracellular calcium
C. Increased oxidative stress
D. Decreased ATP production
Answer: D. Decreased ATP production
Rationale: Hypoxia impairs oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria,
leading to decreased ATP production. This disrupts cellular functions
such as ion pumping and protein synthesis, ultimately causing cell
injury.
2. Chronic inflammation often results in which type of tissue change?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Fibrosis
D. Atrophy
Answer: C. Fibrosis
Rationale: Chronic inflammation stimulates fibroblasts to deposit
excessive extracellular matrix, leading to fibrosis, a hallmark of many
chronic inflammatory diseases.
3. In acidosis, how do the kidneys compensate to maintain acid-base
balance?
A. Excreting hydrogen ions and retaining bicarbonate
B. Retaining hydrogen ions and excreting bicarbonate
C. Decreasing reabsorption of sodium
D. Increasing chloride reabsorption
,Answer: A. Excreting hydrogen ions and retaining bicarbonate
Rationale: The kidneys compensate for acidosis by excreting hydrogen
ions into the urine and reabsorbing bicarbonate into the blood to buffer
excess acid.
4. What is the primary pathological change in Alzheimer’s disease?
A. Demyelination of neurons
B. Loss of dopaminergic neurons
C. Amyloid-beta plaque deposition and neurofibrillary tangles
D. Autoimmune attack on acetylcholine receptors
Answer: C. Amyloid-beta plaque deposition and neurofibrillary tangles
Rationale: Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the accumulation of
amyloid-beta plaques and tau protein tangles, leading to neuronal
degeneration and cognitive decline.
5. Which condition is most likely to result from prolonged
hypertension?
A. Pulmonary embolism
B. Right ventricular hypertrophy
C. Aneurysm formation
D. Mitral valve prolapse
Answer: C. Aneurysm formation
Rationale: Chronic hypertension weakens arterial walls, increasing the
risk of aneurysm formation due to constant high-pressure stress.
6. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of type 1
diabetes mellitus?
, A. Peripheral insulin resistance with pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Insulin receptor mutations
D. Excessive glucagon secretion
Answer: B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disorder where
the immune system attacks and destroys pancreatic beta cells, leading
to insufficient insulin production.
7. What is the underlying cause of systemic manifestations in septic
shock?
A. Excessive vasoconstriction
B. Cytokine-induced vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
C. Hypercoagulability of blood
D. Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity
Answer: B. Cytokine-induced vasodilation and increased vascular
permeability
Rationale: In septic shock, inflammatory cytokines cause vasodilation
and increased vascular permeability, leading to hypotension, tissue
hypoperfusion, and organ dysfunction.
8. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to result in cardiac
arrhythmias?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypochloremia
injury in hypoxia?
A. Increased production of ATP
B. Decreased intracellular calcium
C. Increased oxidative stress
D. Decreased ATP production
Answer: D. Decreased ATP production
Rationale: Hypoxia impairs oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria,
leading to decreased ATP production. This disrupts cellular functions
such as ion pumping and protein synthesis, ultimately causing cell
injury.
2. Chronic inflammation often results in which type of tissue change?
A. Hypertrophy
B. Hyperplasia
C. Fibrosis
D. Atrophy
Answer: C. Fibrosis
Rationale: Chronic inflammation stimulates fibroblasts to deposit
excessive extracellular matrix, leading to fibrosis, a hallmark of many
chronic inflammatory diseases.
3. In acidosis, how do the kidneys compensate to maintain acid-base
balance?
A. Excreting hydrogen ions and retaining bicarbonate
B. Retaining hydrogen ions and excreting bicarbonate
C. Decreasing reabsorption of sodium
D. Increasing chloride reabsorption
,Answer: A. Excreting hydrogen ions and retaining bicarbonate
Rationale: The kidneys compensate for acidosis by excreting hydrogen
ions into the urine and reabsorbing bicarbonate into the blood to buffer
excess acid.
4. What is the primary pathological change in Alzheimer’s disease?
A. Demyelination of neurons
B. Loss of dopaminergic neurons
C. Amyloid-beta plaque deposition and neurofibrillary tangles
D. Autoimmune attack on acetylcholine receptors
Answer: C. Amyloid-beta plaque deposition and neurofibrillary tangles
Rationale: Alzheimer’s disease is characterized by the accumulation of
amyloid-beta plaques and tau protein tangles, leading to neuronal
degeneration and cognitive decline.
5. Which condition is most likely to result from prolonged
hypertension?
A. Pulmonary embolism
B. Right ventricular hypertrophy
C. Aneurysm formation
D. Mitral valve prolapse
Answer: C. Aneurysm formation
Rationale: Chronic hypertension weakens arterial walls, increasing the
risk of aneurysm formation due to constant high-pressure stress.
6. Which of the following best describes the pathophysiology of type 1
diabetes mellitus?
, A. Peripheral insulin resistance with pancreatic beta-cell dysfunction
B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
C. Insulin receptor mutations
D. Excessive glucagon secretion
Answer: B. Autoimmune destruction of pancreatic beta cells
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes mellitus is an autoimmune disorder where
the immune system attacks and destroys pancreatic beta cells, leading
to insufficient insulin production.
7. What is the underlying cause of systemic manifestations in septic
shock?
A. Excessive vasoconstriction
B. Cytokine-induced vasodilation and increased vascular permeability
C. Hypercoagulability of blood
D. Decreased sympathetic nervous system activity
Answer: B. Cytokine-induced vasodilation and increased vascular
permeability
Rationale: In septic shock, inflammatory cytokines cause vasodilation
and increased vascular permeability, leading to hypotension, tissue
hypoperfusion, and organ dysfunction.
8. Which electrolyte imbalance is most likely to result in cardiac
arrhythmias?
A. Hypernatremia
B. Hypokalemia
C. Hypercalcemia
D. Hypochloremia
