CHEM 210 Module 3- Exam Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025 (Rated A+)

CHEM 210 Module 3- Exam Questions and Answers Latest Update 2025 (Rated A+) functions of proteins - Answers transport, hormones, catalysis, structure, protection transport - Answers Proteins help to move molecules around the cell and organism. Hemoglobin is a blood-based protein that carries oxygen from the lungs to tissue Hormones - Answers These molecules communicate messages between cells. Relaxin is a protein hormone that helps women during childbirth by relaxing pelvic ligaments to make delivery easier Catalysis - Answers Enzymes speed up, or catalyze, chemical reactions. Protease, an enzyme, breaks down proteins in cells to help organisms recycle unneeded proteins. This enzyme is also added to laundry detergent to degrade stains with protein (i.e. blood or food) Structure - Answers These proteins give strength to cells, organelles, and tissues. Collagen is the structural protein found in cartilage, skin, and tendons Protection: - Answers The human body protects itself from outside proteins and toxins by making proteins called antibodies to fight the foreign invaders amino acids - Answers the monomers used as building blocks of proteins non-polar aliphatic - Answers simplest, straight chain amino acids (Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Proline, Leucine, Isoleucine, Methionine) non-polar aromatic groups - Answers similar to aliphatic in that they are non-polar, but the side chains of these compounds contain a ring of carbons as an aromatic functional group (Phenylalanine, Trptophan, Tyrosine) polar, but neutral, amino acids - Answers contain side chains that have a dipole, and most can hydrogen bond. unlike the non-polar groups, are often found on the outside of the protein and in contact with water (Serine, Threonine, Cysteine, Asparagine, Glutamine) acidic amino acids - Answers have side chains with pKa values smaller than 7 (Aspartic Acid, Glutamic Acid) Basic amino acids - Answers have a pKa that is near or greater than pH = 7, which means their side chains are normally positively charged (Arginine, Lysine, Histidine) disulfide bond - Answers unique amino acid is cysteine, a neutral, polar amino acid shown earlier. Its side chain is uncharged, but two cysteines can react together to form a disulfide bond by their sulfur atoms, forming a covalent bond polypeptides - Answers Amino acids joined together into long chains. When the number of residues is 99 or less, we say, formally, that it is a polypeptide. After 100 residues have been added together, it is said that the molecule has attained the status of a protein. proteins - Answers As macromolecules, proteins are synthesized from an average of 100 to 300 amino acids into a large chain. Although, a few known proteins have as many as 29,000 amino acids in a single chain dipeptide - Answers two monomers are joined together, producing a dipeptide with the release of water condensation reaction - Answers one oxygen from the carboxylic acid group and two hydrogens from the amino group are lost as water peptide bond - Answers The rigid amide bond formed is called a peptide bond. The bond links the two amino acids together into a dipeptide. The ends of the dipeptide have reactive amine and carboxy groups, which permit them to form additional peptide bonds oligopeptide - Answers a short chain of amino acids usually from two to twenty amino acids. There is no strict limit of amino acids that are covered by this term, and often the term peptide is used protein backbone - Answers All the peptide bonds in a protein form what is called the protein backbone, which links all amino acids together. Dalton (Da) - Answers When a protein has 100 amino acids, the protein mass is about 10,000 g/mol. The unit of g/mol is a little ungainly, so biochemists use the unit Dalton (Da) to replace the g/mol. Thus, scientists would say that the protein has a mass of 10,000 Da, or simplified even further as 10 kDa