1. Which of the following is a key factor in the pathophysiology of
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
A) Increased collagen deposition in the alveolar walls
B) Airway inflammation and narrowing
C) Reduced erythropoiesis
D) Decreased mucous production
Answer: B) Airway inflammation and narrowing
Rationale: COPD is characterized by chronic inflammation of the
airways, leading to airway narrowing, bronchoconstriction, and airflow
limitation. This process is primarily driven by inflammatory mediators
such as cytokines and proteases. Increased collagen deposition in the
alveolar walls (A) occurs in interstitial lung diseases but not COPD.
Mucous production increases, not decreases (D), in COPD.
2. In acute myocardial infarction (MI), which of the following is the
primary cause of ischemic injury to the heart muscle?
A) Increased sympathetic nervous system stimulation
B) Loss of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium
C) Increase in heart rate and workload
D) Elevated levels of blood glucose
Answer: B) Loss of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium
Rationale: The primary cause of myocardial injury in MI is the reduction
of blood flow, leading to inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to the
myocardium. This causes ischemic injury and necrosis of the affected
muscle. Sympathetic stimulation (A) and increased heart rate (C) may
exacerbate the condition, but they are not the direct cause. High blood
,glucose levels (D) can contribute to complications, but are not the
immediate cause of ischemia.
3. In the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus type 1, the destruction
of pancreatic beta cells is primarily caused by:
A) Viral infections
B) Autoimmune response
C) Insulin resistance
D) Overproduction of glucagon
Answer: B) Autoimmune response
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the
immune system mistakenly targets and destroys insulin-producing beta
cells in the pancreas. This leads to a lack of insulin production. Viral
infections (A) may trigger the autoimmune response, but they are not
the primary cause. Insulin resistance (C) is characteristic of type 2
diabetes, and glucagon overproduction (D) is a secondary effect of the
disease.
4. Which of the following lab findings is most consistent with liver
cirrhosis?
A) Increased prothrombin time (PT)
B) Decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
C) Increased hemoglobin level
D) Decreased serum albumin
Answer: A) Increased prothrombin time (PT)
Rationale: In liver cirrhosis, the liver's ability to produce clotting factors
is impaired, leading to an increase in prothrombin time (A). Decreased
, serum albumin (D) occurs because the liver is unable to synthesize
albumin effectively. Increased hemoglobin (C) and decreased BUN (B)
are not typical findings in cirrhosis.
5. Which of the following mechanisms contributes to the development
of edema in heart failure?
A) Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B) Decreased capillary permeability
C) Increased lymphatic drainage
D) Decreased plasma protein concentration
Answer: A) Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Rationale: In heart failure, particularly left-sided heart failure, increased
capillary hydrostatic pressure occurs due to the inability of the heart to
pump blood efficiently, leading to fluid leakage into the interstitial
spaces. Decreased plasma protein concentration (D) can contribute to
edema but is not the primary mechanism in heart failure. Increased
capillary permeability (B) is more relevant to conditions like
inflammation or injury. Increased lymphatic drainage (C) typically helps
resolve edema.
6. In the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis, which of the
following processes occurs in the synovial joints?
A) Bone resorption due to osteoclast activation
B) Proliferation of synovial cells and pannus formation
C) Cartilage formation and repair
D) Increased production of synovial fluid
Answer: B) Proliferation of synovial cells and pannus formation
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)?
A) Increased collagen deposition in the alveolar walls
B) Airway inflammation and narrowing
C) Reduced erythropoiesis
D) Decreased mucous production
Answer: B) Airway inflammation and narrowing
Rationale: COPD is characterized by chronic inflammation of the
airways, leading to airway narrowing, bronchoconstriction, and airflow
limitation. This process is primarily driven by inflammatory mediators
such as cytokines and proteases. Increased collagen deposition in the
alveolar walls (A) occurs in interstitial lung diseases but not COPD.
Mucous production increases, not decreases (D), in COPD.
2. In acute myocardial infarction (MI), which of the following is the
primary cause of ischemic injury to the heart muscle?
A) Increased sympathetic nervous system stimulation
B) Loss of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium
C) Increase in heart rate and workload
D) Elevated levels of blood glucose
Answer: B) Loss of oxygen and nutrients to the myocardium
Rationale: The primary cause of myocardial injury in MI is the reduction
of blood flow, leading to inadequate oxygen and nutrient delivery to the
myocardium. This causes ischemic injury and necrosis of the affected
muscle. Sympathetic stimulation (A) and increased heart rate (C) may
exacerbate the condition, but they are not the direct cause. High blood
,glucose levels (D) can contribute to complications, but are not the
immediate cause of ischemia.
3. In the pathophysiology of diabetes mellitus type 1, the destruction
of pancreatic beta cells is primarily caused by:
A) Viral infections
B) Autoimmune response
C) Insulin resistance
D) Overproduction of glucagon
Answer: B) Autoimmune response
Rationale: Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease where the
immune system mistakenly targets and destroys insulin-producing beta
cells in the pancreas. This leads to a lack of insulin production. Viral
infections (A) may trigger the autoimmune response, but they are not
the primary cause. Insulin resistance (C) is characteristic of type 2
diabetes, and glucagon overproduction (D) is a secondary effect of the
disease.
4. Which of the following lab findings is most consistent with liver
cirrhosis?
A) Increased prothrombin time (PT)
B) Decreased blood urea nitrogen (BUN)
C) Increased hemoglobin level
D) Decreased serum albumin
Answer: A) Increased prothrombin time (PT)
Rationale: In liver cirrhosis, the liver's ability to produce clotting factors
is impaired, leading to an increase in prothrombin time (A). Decreased
, serum albumin (D) occurs because the liver is unable to synthesize
albumin effectively. Increased hemoglobin (C) and decreased BUN (B)
are not typical findings in cirrhosis.
5. Which of the following mechanisms contributes to the development
of edema in heart failure?
A) Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
B) Decreased capillary permeability
C) Increased lymphatic drainage
D) Decreased plasma protein concentration
Answer: A) Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
Rationale: In heart failure, particularly left-sided heart failure, increased
capillary hydrostatic pressure occurs due to the inability of the heart to
pump blood efficiently, leading to fluid leakage into the interstitial
spaces. Decreased plasma protein concentration (D) can contribute to
edema but is not the primary mechanism in heart failure. Increased
capillary permeability (B) is more relevant to conditions like
inflammation or injury. Increased lymphatic drainage (C) typically helps
resolve edema.
6. In the pathophysiology of rheumatoid arthritis, which of the
following processes occurs in the synovial joints?
A) Bone resorption due to osteoclast activation
B) Proliferation of synovial cells and pannus formation
C) Cartilage formation and repair
D) Increased production of synovial fluid
Answer: B) Proliferation of synovial cells and pannus formation
