1. Which of the following is a characteristic feature of ischemic
necrosis?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Cellular swelling and rupture of cell membrane
C. Increased protein synthesis
D. Active transport of sodium and potassium
Answer: B. Cellular swelling and rupture of cell membrane
Rationale: Ischemic necrosis occurs due to lack of oxygen and nutrients,
leading to cellular energy failure. This causes swelling, rupture of the
cell membrane, and release of intracellular contents into the
extracellular space.
2. The most common cause of hypervolemic hyponatremia is:
A. Acute kidney failure
B. Heart failure
C. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
D. Diuretic use
Answer: B. Heart failure
Rationale: In hypervolemic hyponatremia, the body retains excessive
fluid due to conditions like heart failure, which leads to a dilution of
sodium in the blood. This contrasts with SIADH, where sodium is lost
despite water retention.
3. Which of the following is the primary mechanism responsible for
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
A. Increased pulmonary blood flow
B. Alveolar-capillary membrane damage
,C. Decreased surfactant production
D. Bronchoconstriction
Answer: B. Alveolar-capillary membrane damage
Rationale: ARDS is characterized by inflammation and injury to the
alveolar-capillary membrane, leading to increased permeability,
pulmonary edema, and impaired gas exchange.
4. In the pathophysiology of cirrhosis, which of the following changes
occurs?
A. Hepatocellular regeneration with fatty infiltration
B. Decreased portal vein pressure
C. Decreased formation of fibrous tissue
D. Impaired bile formation and secretion
Answer: D. Impaired bile formation and secretion
Rationale: In cirrhosis, liver damage results in fibrosis, which impairs
the liver’s ability to produce bile and results in impaired bile formation
and secretion. It also leads to portal hypertension, but not to decreased
portal vein pressure.
5. Which of the following is the primary cause of acidosis in diabetic
ketoacidosis (DKA)?
A. Increased production of lactic acid
B. Loss of bicarbonate ions
C. Accumulation of ketoacids
D. Hyperventilation
Answer: C. Accumulation of ketoacids
Rationale: In DKA, the body breaks down fats for energy, producing
, ketones (ketoacids). These accumulate in the blood, leading to
metabolic acidosis.
6. The pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis primarily involves:
A. Transmural inflammation of the intestinal wall
B. Mucosal and submucosal inflammation of the colon
C. Formation of granulomas
D. Increased intestinal motility
Answer: B. Mucosal and submucosal inflammation of the colon
Rationale: Ulcerative colitis is characterized by inflammation limited to
the mucosal and submucosal layers of the colon, leading to ulcer
formation and bleeding. In contrast, Crohn's disease involves transmural
inflammation.
7. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of long-term
hypertension on the heart?
A. Left ventricular hypertrophy
B. Decreased myocardial oxygen demand
C. Atrial dilation
D. Increased coronary artery dilation
Answer: A. Left ventricular hypertrophy
Rationale: Chronic hypertension increases afterload on the left
ventricle, causing it to hypertrophy (enlarge) in response to the
increased workload. This can eventually lead to heart failure.
8. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism of
osteoarthritis?
necrosis?
A. Increased ATP production
B. Cellular swelling and rupture of cell membrane
C. Increased protein synthesis
D. Active transport of sodium and potassium
Answer: B. Cellular swelling and rupture of cell membrane
Rationale: Ischemic necrosis occurs due to lack of oxygen and nutrients,
leading to cellular energy failure. This causes swelling, rupture of the
cell membrane, and release of intracellular contents into the
extracellular space.
2. The most common cause of hypervolemic hyponatremia is:
A. Acute kidney failure
B. Heart failure
C. Syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH)
D. Diuretic use
Answer: B. Heart failure
Rationale: In hypervolemic hyponatremia, the body retains excessive
fluid due to conditions like heart failure, which leads to a dilution of
sodium in the blood. This contrasts with SIADH, where sodium is lost
despite water retention.
3. Which of the following is the primary mechanism responsible for
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)?
A. Increased pulmonary blood flow
B. Alveolar-capillary membrane damage
,C. Decreased surfactant production
D. Bronchoconstriction
Answer: B. Alveolar-capillary membrane damage
Rationale: ARDS is characterized by inflammation and injury to the
alveolar-capillary membrane, leading to increased permeability,
pulmonary edema, and impaired gas exchange.
4. In the pathophysiology of cirrhosis, which of the following changes
occurs?
A. Hepatocellular regeneration with fatty infiltration
B. Decreased portal vein pressure
C. Decreased formation of fibrous tissue
D. Impaired bile formation and secretion
Answer: D. Impaired bile formation and secretion
Rationale: In cirrhosis, liver damage results in fibrosis, which impairs
the liver’s ability to produce bile and results in impaired bile formation
and secretion. It also leads to portal hypertension, but not to decreased
portal vein pressure.
5. Which of the following is the primary cause of acidosis in diabetic
ketoacidosis (DKA)?
A. Increased production of lactic acid
B. Loss of bicarbonate ions
C. Accumulation of ketoacids
D. Hyperventilation
Answer: C. Accumulation of ketoacids
Rationale: In DKA, the body breaks down fats for energy, producing
, ketones (ketoacids). These accumulate in the blood, leading to
metabolic acidosis.
6. The pathophysiology of ulcerative colitis primarily involves:
A. Transmural inflammation of the intestinal wall
B. Mucosal and submucosal inflammation of the colon
C. Formation of granulomas
D. Increased intestinal motility
Answer: B. Mucosal and submucosal inflammation of the colon
Rationale: Ulcerative colitis is characterized by inflammation limited to
the mucosal and submucosal layers of the colon, leading to ulcer
formation and bleeding. In contrast, Crohn's disease involves transmural
inflammation.
7. Which of the following is the most likely consequence of long-term
hypertension on the heart?
A. Left ventricular hypertrophy
B. Decreased myocardial oxygen demand
C. Atrial dilation
D. Increased coronary artery dilation
Answer: A. Left ventricular hypertrophy
Rationale: Chronic hypertension increases afterload on the left
ventricle, causing it to hypertrophy (enlarge) in response to the
increased workload. This can eventually lead to heart failure.
8. What is the primary pathophysiological mechanism of
osteoarthritis?
