Marquette University NURS6030 Pathophysiology for
Advanced Nursing Advanced Pathophysiology: Exam 1
Questions With Complete Solutions
*Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology*
*Chapter 10: Alterations in Immune Function*
*Chapter 11: Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells*
*Chapter 12: HIV Disease and AIDS*
*Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors*
*Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function*
*Chapter 4: Cell Injury, Aging, and Death*
*Chapter 5: Genome Structure, Regulation, & Tissue
Differentiation *
*Chapter 6: Genetic and Developmental Disorders*
*Chapter 7: Neoplasia*
*Chapter 8: Infectious Process & 9: Inflammation and
Immunity*
Active Immunity Correct Answers A protected state owing to
the body's immune response as a result of active infection or
immunization
Requires memory B cells
Second exposure: quicker response
Immunizations
,Vaccines contain altered microorganisms or toxins; retain ability
to stimulate immune system (antigenic properties); do not have
pathogenic properties; do not cause harm to the host
Vaccines contain: live and attenuated (altered) agents or killed
infectious agents
Acute Leukemia Correct Answers Typically present with
pancytopenia, or a decrease in the counts of all of the normal
blood cells, including the normal white cells (the leukemic cells
accounting for almost all of the high total WBCs), red blood
cells, and platelets.
This is caused by the crowding out of normal precursors in the
bone marrow by the abnormally dividing blast cells, and by the
inhibition of normal hematopoiesis due to secretion of cytokines
and inhibitory substances.
The patient's presenting symptoms are directly related to the
blood abnormalities.
The fatigue and pallor are due to the anemia (lack of red blood
cells) and the resulting reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.
The petechiae and bleeding are from the lack of platelets,
inhibiting the ability of the blood to clot.
Patients with leukemia are susceptible to serious infections due
to the lack of normal WBCs.
Finally, the markedly elevated numbers of leukemic cells can
clog small blood vessels and result in strokes, retinal vein
occlusion, and pulmonary infarction.
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia Correct Answers Pathogenesis and
Clinical Manifestations
-80% of cases are adults; median age 64 years
-Malignant disorder of lymphoid cell lineage
,80% result of malignant transformation of B cells; 20% involve
T cells
-Bone marrow aspirate must have >20% blasts
-Presentation very similar to ALL; difficult to tell apart by only
clinical findings
-Bone pain, anemia, thrombocytopenia, increased infection
susceptibility
-Common infection sites: skin, GI, GU, and respiratory tracts
-Abnormal cells are lymphoblasts: they look like immature
lymphocytes
Adaptation Correct Answers Adaptation: biopsychosocial
process of change in response to new or altered circumstances,
internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using
culturally based coping mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Adaptive Immune System Correct Answers A type of specific
immunity capable of
-Recognizing foreign invaders
-Destroying foreign invaders
-Retaining memory of the encounter
This allows for more effective defense (adaptive) to be achieved
after subsequent exposure
Must differentiate self and nonself
Allogeneic Correct Answers Bone marrow transplant that is
from the patients closely related relative
, Allostatic Overload Correct Answers "Cost" of body's organs
and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic
response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
Anemia Common Clinical Manifestations Correct Answers
Pallor
Fatigue
Malaise
Shortness of breath
Decreased activity tolerance
Arousal Correct Answers Includes alterations in responsiveness
to homeostatic pressures, sensory stimuli and emotional
reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
Atrophy Correct Answers Cells shrink and reduce their
differentiated functions in response to normal and injurious
factors
-General causes: disuse, denervation, ischemia, interruption of
endocrine signals, persistent cell injury
-Results from decreased functional demand or chronic ischemia
Results from decreased functional demand or chronic ischemia
Autocrine Communcation Correct Answers Localized
signaling in which the secreting cell is also the target cell
Feedback to self
Autologous Correct Answers Bone marrow transplant that is
from the patients own stem cells
Advanced Nursing Advanced Pathophysiology: Exam 1
Questions With Complete Solutions
*Chapter 1: Introduction to Pathophysiology*
*Chapter 10: Alterations in Immune Function*
*Chapter 11: Malignant Disorders of White Blood Cells*
*Chapter 12: HIV Disease and AIDS*
*Chapter 2: Homeostasis and Adaptive Responses to Stressors*
*Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function*
*Chapter 4: Cell Injury, Aging, and Death*
*Chapter 5: Genome Structure, Regulation, & Tissue
Differentiation *
*Chapter 6: Genetic and Developmental Disorders*
*Chapter 7: Neoplasia*
*Chapter 8: Infectious Process & 9: Inflammation and
Immunity*
Active Immunity Correct Answers A protected state owing to
the body's immune response as a result of active infection or
immunization
Requires memory B cells
Second exposure: quicker response
Immunizations
,Vaccines contain altered microorganisms or toxins; retain ability
to stimulate immune system (antigenic properties); do not have
pathogenic properties; do not cause harm to the host
Vaccines contain: live and attenuated (altered) agents or killed
infectious agents
Acute Leukemia Correct Answers Typically present with
pancytopenia, or a decrease in the counts of all of the normal
blood cells, including the normal white cells (the leukemic cells
accounting for almost all of the high total WBCs), red blood
cells, and platelets.
This is caused by the crowding out of normal precursors in the
bone marrow by the abnormally dividing blast cells, and by the
inhibition of normal hematopoiesis due to secretion of cytokines
and inhibitory substances.
The patient's presenting symptoms are directly related to the
blood abnormalities.
The fatigue and pallor are due to the anemia (lack of red blood
cells) and the resulting reduced oxygen-carrying capacity.
The petechiae and bleeding are from the lack of platelets,
inhibiting the ability of the blood to clot.
Patients with leukemia are susceptible to serious infections due
to the lack of normal WBCs.
Finally, the markedly elevated numbers of leukemic cells can
clog small blood vessels and result in strokes, retinal vein
occlusion, and pulmonary infarction.
Acute Lymphoid Leukemia Correct Answers Pathogenesis and
Clinical Manifestations
-80% of cases are adults; median age 64 years
-Malignant disorder of lymphoid cell lineage
,80% result of malignant transformation of B cells; 20% involve
T cells
-Bone marrow aspirate must have >20% blasts
-Presentation very similar to ALL; difficult to tell apart by only
clinical findings
-Bone pain, anemia, thrombocytopenia, increased infection
susceptibility
-Common infection sites: skin, GI, GU, and respiratory tracts
-Abnormal cells are lymphoblasts: they look like immature
lymphocytes
Adaptation Correct Answers Adaptation: biopsychosocial
process of change in response to new or altered circumstances,
internal or external in origin
Coping: behavioral adaptive response to a stressor using
culturally based coping mechanisms
Adaptation and coping: terms used interchangeably
Adaptive Immune System Correct Answers A type of specific
immunity capable of
-Recognizing foreign invaders
-Destroying foreign invaders
-Retaining memory of the encounter
This allows for more effective defense (adaptive) to be achieved
after subsequent exposure
Must differentiate self and nonself
Allogeneic Correct Answers Bone marrow transplant that is
from the patients closely related relative
, Allostatic Overload Correct Answers "Cost" of body's organs
and tissues for an excessive or ineffectively regulated allostatic
response; effect of "wear and tear" on the body
Anemia Common Clinical Manifestations Correct Answers
Pallor
Fatigue
Malaise
Shortness of breath
Decreased activity tolerance
Arousal Correct Answers Includes alterations in responsiveness
to homeostatic pressures, sensory stimuli and emotional
reactivity, and to changes in motor activity
Atrophy Correct Answers Cells shrink and reduce their
differentiated functions in response to normal and injurious
factors
-General causes: disuse, denervation, ischemia, interruption of
endocrine signals, persistent cell injury
-Results from decreased functional demand or chronic ischemia
Results from decreased functional demand or chronic ischemia
Autocrine Communcation Correct Answers Localized
signaling in which the secreting cell is also the target cell
Feedback to self
Autologous Correct Answers Bone marrow transplant that is
from the patients own stem cells
