NURS 6501 Pathophysiology Exam 1

A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most of the genetic information be contained? - Nucleolus Some cancer drugs work during the cell cycle phase where nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions occur. What is this cell cycle phase called? - M phase Which of the following can bind to plasma membrane receptors? - Ligands Which form of cell communication is used to relate to other cells in direct physical contact? - Cell Junction Pancreatic beta cells secrete insulin, which inhibits secretion of glucagon from neighboring alpha cells. This action is an example of which of the following signaling types? - Paracrine Which phase of catabolism produces the most ATP? - Citric acid cycle How are potassium and sodium transported across plasma membranes? - By adenosine triphosphate enzyme (ATPase) In cellular metabolism, each enzyme has a high affinity for a _____. - Substrate Which of the following can remove proteins attached to the cell's bilayer by dissolving the layer itself? - Integral membrane proteins The phase of the cell cycle during which the centromeres split and the sister chromatids are pulled apart is referred to as _____. - Anaphase During which proess are bacteria engulfed for ingestion? - Phagocytosis Which description accurately describes electrolytes? - Electrically charged molecules A runner has depleted all the oxygen available for muscle energy. Which of the following will facilitate his continued muscle performance? - Anaerobic glycolysis A faculty member asks a student to identify the appropriate term for the movement of a solute from an area of greater to lesser concentration. Which answer indicates the nursing student understood the teaching? - Diffusion A nurse is discussing the movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary membranes into the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary. Which process of fluid movement is the nurse describing? - Hydrostatic pressure What is the role of cytokines in cell reproduction? - Provide growth factor for tissue growth and development A nurse is teaching the staff about the phases of cellular catabolism. Which phases should the nurse include? - Digestion, glycolysis, oxidation, and the citric acid cycle An athlete runs a marathon, after which his muscles feel fatigued and unable to contract. The athlete asks the nurse why this happened. The nurse's response is based on the knowledge that the problem is a result of a deficiency of _____. - ATP A patient has a body fluid of 300 mOsm/kg. This lab result is measuring _____. - Osmolality A student is observing a cell under the microscope. It is observed to have supercoilded DNA with histones. Which of the following would also be observed by the student? - A nucleus A nurse is reviewing a report from a patient with metastatic cancer. What alternation in the extracellular matrix would support the diagnosis of metastatic cancer? - Decreased fibronectin A student is reviewing functions of the cell. The student would be correct in identifying a chief function of the nerve cell as _____. - Conductivity A DNA strand has a region with the sequence ATCGGATC. Which of the following would be a complementary strand? - TAGCCTAG Cystic fibrosis is caused by what gene abnormality? - Autosomal recessive When discussing DNA replication, which enzyme is most important? - DNA polymerase A child is diagnosed with cystic fibrosis. History reveals that the child's parents are siblings. Cystic fibrosis was most likely the result of _____. - consanguinity A biologist is explaining how RNA directs the synthesis of protein. Which process is the biologist describing? - Translation A nurse recalls the basic components of DNA are _____. - a phosphate molecule, deoxyribose, and four nitrogenous bases Which of the following disorders is manifested primarily in males? - Muscular dystrophy A patient demonstrates severe mental retardation caused by a deletion of part of chromosome 5. What genetic disorder will the nurse see documented in the chart? - Cri du chat syndrome What is the diagnosis of a 13-year-old female who has a karyotype that reveals an absent homologous X chromosome with only a single X chromosome present? Her features include a short stature, widely spaced nipples, and a reduced carrying angle at the elbow. - Turner syndrome After a geneticist talks to a patient about being a chromosomal mosaic, the patient asks the nurse what that means. How should the nurse respond? You may _____ genetic disease(s). - have a mild form of the What is the result of homologous chromosomes failing to separate during meiosis? - Nondisjunction What is the most common cause of Down syndrome? - Maternal nondisjunction An aide asks the nurse why people who have neurofibromatosis will show varying degrees of the disease. Which genetic principle should the nurse explain to the aide? - Expressivity Which of the following mutations have the most significant effect on protein synthesis? - Frameshift mutations A 20-year-old pregnant female gives birth to a stillborn child. Autopsy reveals that the fetus has 92 chromosomes. What term may be on the autopsy report to describe this condition? - Tetraploidy A 50 year-old was recently diagnosed with Huntington disease. Transmission of this disease is associated with _____. - delayed age of onset What genetic disorder is the result if an individual possesses an XXY chromosome configuration? - Klinefelter A 12-year old male is diagnosed with Klinefelter syndrome. His karyotype would reveal which of the following? - XXY A cell that does not contain a multiple of 23 chromosomes is called a _____ cell. - Polyploid A nurse is reviewing the pedigree chart. When checking for a proband, what is the nurse looking for? - The person who is first diagnosed with a genetic disease Mutations in the encoding of histone-modifying proteins have been shown to influence the development of what congenital condition? - Heart Disease What characteristic of Prader-Wili syndrome is not a characteristic of Angelman syndrome? - It is inherited from the father During which stage of human development does the role of epigenetics have the greatest impact on the development of epigenetic abnormalities? - In utero When considering abnormal epigenetic modifications, what factor is currently being viewed as strongly associated with the development of some cancers? - Environmental stressors Research has provided support for the theory that epigenetic modifications can result from deficient in utero nutrition causing _____. - Obesity, cardiovascular disease, and diabetes Research has demonstrated that neural stem cells have an impaired ability to differentiate into functional neurons when subjected to _____. - Ethanol What comorbid condition does an individual diagnosed with Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome have an increased risk of developing? - Cancer 5-Azacytidine has demonstrated promise in the treatment of which form of cancer? - Pancreatic What is the role of inactive MLH1 in the development of some forms of inherited colon cancer? - DNA damage is left unrepaired Which embryonic stem cell characteristic is referred to as totipotent? - Ability to differentiate into any type of somatic cell