Advanced Pharmacology Fundamentals
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Questions and Answers Graded A+ Key
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120 mg per day of morphine milligram equivalents - Correct Answers-Referral to a pain specialist is
required for patients who take this dose of Morphine Milligram Equivalents
Absorption Interaction - Correct Answers-result of a change due to one medication's effect on another
medication's route of entry into the body.
ACE Inhibitor Drug Interactions - Correct Answers-Diuretics may intensify first-dose hypotension;
other antihypertensive agents;
HYPERKALEMIA RISK: AVOID Drugs That Raise Potassium Levels;
Lithium;
NSAIDS (may reduce antihypertensive effects of ACE I)
ACE Inhibitor Main AE - Correct Answers-Cough; Angioedema; First Dose Hypotension;
Hyperkalemia
ACE Inhibitor Mechanism of Action - Correct Answers-produce their beneficial effects and adverse
effects by (1) reducing levels of angiotensin II (through inhibition of ACE) and (2) increasing levels of
bradykinin (through inhibition of kinase II)
Acute Pain - Correct Answers-An occurrence of fewer than three months and is often precipitated by
trauma and acute medical conditions or treatment.
Acute Somatic Pain - Correct Answers--Arises from connective tissue, muscle, bone and skin.
-Sharp and localized or dull and non-localized
-Responds best to: acetaminophen, corticosteroids, NSAIDs, opiates, local anesthetics, ice, massage
Acute Visceral Pain - Correct Answers-Pain in the internal organs and abdomen
Poorly localized (C-fibers)
Radiates
Most responsive to opiates
May also use corticosteroids, NSAIDs
Adverse Effects of Opioids - Correct Answers-Sedation, Nausea/Vomiting, Constipation, Urinary
Retention, Potential for Addiction, Respiratory Depression; Pupillary Dilation
,Adverse Effects of α Blockade - Correct Answers-most significant adverse effect is orthostatic
hypotension; other adverse effects include reflex tachycardia, nasal congestion, inhibition of ejaculation;
sodium retention and increased blood volume
Adverse Effects of β1 Blockade - Correct Answers-Bradycardia; Reduced Cardiac Output;
Precipitation of Heart Failure; AV Block; Rebound cardiac excitation;
Adverse effects of β2 blockade - Correct Answers-Blockade of β2 receptors in the lungs can cause
constriction of the bronchi; Hypoglycemia
Agonist-Antagonist Opioids - Correct Answers-The actions of these drugs at µ and κ receptors When
administered alone, produce analgesia. However, if given to a patient who is taking a pure opioid agonist,
can antagonize analgesia
Prototype Drug: Pentazocine
Aldosterone Antagonist Main AE; - Correct Answers-Hyperkalemia
Aledronate (Fosamax) AE - Correct Answers-Esophagitis, sometimes resulting in ulceration, is the
most serious adverse effect; atypical fractures of the femur,
Aledronate (Fosamax) MOA - Correct Answers-prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in
postmenopausal women, in whom benefits derive from decreasing bone resorption by osteoclasts.
suppresses resorption of bone by decreasing both the number and activity of osteoclasts.
Allipurinol - Correct Answers-drug of choice for patients with renal dysfunction or who overproduce
uric acid; current drug of choice for chronic tophaceous gout
Allopurinol - Correct Answers-may inhibit hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes; specific concern when
taking warfarin
Allopurinol AE - Correct Answers-Rash, diarrhea, nausea, gout exacerbation, pruritus, urticaria,
somnolence, alkaline phosphatase elevated (ALP), ALT or AST elevated, and eosinophilia
Allopurinol and Febuxostat - Correct Answers-Urate Lower Drugs/Anti-Hyperuricemia
Inhibits xanthine oxidase, interfering with conversion of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid.
Decreases the production of Uric Acid
Allopurinol Monitoring - Correct Answers-Obtain BUN/Cr at baseline and periodically if there is
current or chronic renal infection or disease, LFTs during early treatment if there is hepatic disease
Allopurinol Prescribing Consideration - Correct Answers-Caution in African American pts (incr.
HLA-B 5801 allele prevalence); caution in patients of Han Chinese, Korean, Thai, Native Hawaiian,
Pacific Islander ancestry (incr. HLA-B 5801 allele prevalence); caution if HLA-B 5801 allele; caution if
renal impairment; caution if renal impairment risk; caution if hepatic impairment
, Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) - Correct Answers-Indicated for individuals that cannot
tolerate ACE Inhibitors due to cough/angioedema; Similar mechanism of action;
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Difference from ACE Inhibitors - Correct Answers-do not inhibit
kinase II and hence do not increase levels of bradykinin in the lung. a lower risk for cough; do not cause
clinically significant hyperkalemia
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Mechanism of Action - Correct Answers-block the actions of
angiotensin II at receptor site; block access of angiotensin II to its receptors in blood vessels, the adrenals,
and all other tissues.
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Monitoring - Correct Answers-Renal Montioring;
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Therapeutic Goal - Correct Answers-Reduce blood pressure in
patients with hypertension, improve hemodynamics in patients with heart failure, slow progression of
established diabetic nephropathy, reduce mortality, and treat heart failure after myocardial infarction
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor Prototype Drug - Correct Answers-Lisinopril;
Ramipril; Catopril;
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Adverse Effects - Correct Answers-cough,
angioedema, first-dose hypotension (arteriolar dilation), hyperkalemia (due to inhibition of aldosterone
release which can cause potassium retention by the kidney.)
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Contraindication - Correct Answers-
contraindicated during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and in patients with bilateral renal
artery stenosis.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Monitoring - Correct Answers-checking creatinine
2-4 weeks after starting. Have patients track blood pressure values; patients w/ diabetic nephropathy,
monitor proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Therapeutic Goal - Correct Answers-Decrease
blood pressure;
Improve hemodynamics in patients with heart failure, Drug of choice for patients w/ CKD or DM
Reduce mortality, and treat heart failure after myocardial infarction.
Anticoagulants - Correct Answers-Used primarily to prevent thrombosis in veins and the atria of the
heart; decrease formation of fibrin; Three Classes: vitamin K antagonist; direct factor Xa inhibitor; direct
thrombin inhibitor;
Antiplatelet drugs - Correct Answers-inhibit platelet aggregation;
Examples: Aspirin, Clopidogrel (Plavix)
Antiplatelet Drugs Therapeutic Intent - Correct Answers-suppress platelet aggregation;
principal indication for the is the prevention of thrombosis in arteries
Prevent blockage of coronary artery stents and reduce thrombotic events
Latest Update by Chamberlain Verified
Questions and Answers Graded A+ Key
Download
120 mg per day of morphine milligram equivalents - Correct Answers-Referral to a pain specialist is
required for patients who take this dose of Morphine Milligram Equivalents
Absorption Interaction - Correct Answers-result of a change due to one medication's effect on another
medication's route of entry into the body.
ACE Inhibitor Drug Interactions - Correct Answers-Diuretics may intensify first-dose hypotension;
other antihypertensive agents;
HYPERKALEMIA RISK: AVOID Drugs That Raise Potassium Levels;
Lithium;
NSAIDS (may reduce antihypertensive effects of ACE I)
ACE Inhibitor Main AE - Correct Answers-Cough; Angioedema; First Dose Hypotension;
Hyperkalemia
ACE Inhibitor Mechanism of Action - Correct Answers-produce their beneficial effects and adverse
effects by (1) reducing levels of angiotensin II (through inhibition of ACE) and (2) increasing levels of
bradykinin (through inhibition of kinase II)
Acute Pain - Correct Answers-An occurrence of fewer than three months and is often precipitated by
trauma and acute medical conditions or treatment.
Acute Somatic Pain - Correct Answers--Arises from connective tissue, muscle, bone and skin.
-Sharp and localized or dull and non-localized
-Responds best to: acetaminophen, corticosteroids, NSAIDs, opiates, local anesthetics, ice, massage
Acute Visceral Pain - Correct Answers-Pain in the internal organs and abdomen
Poorly localized (C-fibers)
Radiates
Most responsive to opiates
May also use corticosteroids, NSAIDs
Adverse Effects of Opioids - Correct Answers-Sedation, Nausea/Vomiting, Constipation, Urinary
Retention, Potential for Addiction, Respiratory Depression; Pupillary Dilation
,Adverse Effects of α Blockade - Correct Answers-most significant adverse effect is orthostatic
hypotension; other adverse effects include reflex tachycardia, nasal congestion, inhibition of ejaculation;
sodium retention and increased blood volume
Adverse Effects of β1 Blockade - Correct Answers-Bradycardia; Reduced Cardiac Output;
Precipitation of Heart Failure; AV Block; Rebound cardiac excitation;
Adverse effects of β2 blockade - Correct Answers-Blockade of β2 receptors in the lungs can cause
constriction of the bronchi; Hypoglycemia
Agonist-Antagonist Opioids - Correct Answers-The actions of these drugs at µ and κ receptors When
administered alone, produce analgesia. However, if given to a patient who is taking a pure opioid agonist,
can antagonize analgesia
Prototype Drug: Pentazocine
Aldosterone Antagonist Main AE; - Correct Answers-Hyperkalemia
Aledronate (Fosamax) AE - Correct Answers-Esophagitis, sometimes resulting in ulceration, is the
most serious adverse effect; atypical fractures of the femur,
Aledronate (Fosamax) MOA - Correct Answers-prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in
postmenopausal women, in whom benefits derive from decreasing bone resorption by osteoclasts.
suppresses resorption of bone by decreasing both the number and activity of osteoclasts.
Allipurinol - Correct Answers-drug of choice for patients with renal dysfunction or who overproduce
uric acid; current drug of choice for chronic tophaceous gout
Allopurinol - Correct Answers-may inhibit hepatic drug-metabolizing enzymes; specific concern when
taking warfarin
Allopurinol AE - Correct Answers-Rash, diarrhea, nausea, gout exacerbation, pruritus, urticaria,
somnolence, alkaline phosphatase elevated (ALP), ALT or AST elevated, and eosinophilia
Allopurinol and Febuxostat - Correct Answers-Urate Lower Drugs/Anti-Hyperuricemia
Inhibits xanthine oxidase, interfering with conversion of hypoxanthine and xanthine to uric acid.
Decreases the production of Uric Acid
Allopurinol Monitoring - Correct Answers-Obtain BUN/Cr at baseline and periodically if there is
current or chronic renal infection or disease, LFTs during early treatment if there is hepatic disease
Allopurinol Prescribing Consideration - Correct Answers-Caution in African American pts (incr.
HLA-B 5801 allele prevalence); caution in patients of Han Chinese, Korean, Thai, Native Hawaiian,
Pacific Islander ancestry (incr. HLA-B 5801 allele prevalence); caution if HLA-B 5801 allele; caution if
renal impairment; caution if renal impairment risk; caution if hepatic impairment
, Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers (ARBs) - Correct Answers-Indicated for individuals that cannot
tolerate ACE Inhibitors due to cough/angioedema; Similar mechanism of action;
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Difference from ACE Inhibitors - Correct Answers-do not inhibit
kinase II and hence do not increase levels of bradykinin in the lung. a lower risk for cough; do not cause
clinically significant hyperkalemia
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Mechanism of Action - Correct Answers-block the actions of
angiotensin II at receptor site; block access of angiotensin II to its receptors in blood vessels, the adrenals,
and all other tissues.
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Monitoring - Correct Answers-Renal Montioring;
Angiotensin II Receptor Blockers Therapeutic Goal - Correct Answers-Reduce blood pressure in
patients with hypertension, improve hemodynamics in patients with heart failure, slow progression of
established diabetic nephropathy, reduce mortality, and treat heart failure after myocardial infarction
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitor Prototype Drug - Correct Answers-Lisinopril;
Ramipril; Catopril;
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Adverse Effects - Correct Answers-cough,
angioedema, first-dose hypotension (arteriolar dilation), hyperkalemia (due to inhibition of aldosterone
release which can cause potassium retention by the kidney.)
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Contraindication - Correct Answers-
contraindicated during the second and third trimesters of pregnancy and in patients with bilateral renal
artery stenosis.
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Monitoring - Correct Answers-checking creatinine
2-4 weeks after starting. Have patients track blood pressure values; patients w/ diabetic nephropathy,
monitor proteinuria and glomerular filtration rate
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) Inhibitors Therapeutic Goal - Correct Answers-Decrease
blood pressure;
Improve hemodynamics in patients with heart failure, Drug of choice for patients w/ CKD or DM
Reduce mortality, and treat heart failure after myocardial infarction.
Anticoagulants - Correct Answers-Used primarily to prevent thrombosis in veins and the atria of the
heart; decrease formation of fibrin; Three Classes: vitamin K antagonist; direct factor Xa inhibitor; direct
thrombin inhibitor;
Antiplatelet drugs - Correct Answers-inhibit platelet aggregation;
Examples: Aspirin, Clopidogrel (Plavix)
Antiplatelet Drugs Therapeutic Intent - Correct Answers-suppress platelet aggregation;
principal indication for the is the prevention of thrombosis in arteries
Prevent blockage of coronary artery stents and reduce thrombotic events
