PHYSICAL SCIENCES PAPER 2 (CHEMISTRY)
GRADE 12
SUMMARIES, TERMS, DEFINITIONS AND QUESTIONS
PER TOPIC
2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT .................................................................................................. 2
ORGANIC MOLECULES................................................................................................................ 2
NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ...................................................................... 4
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ........................................................................................................ 20
ORGANIC REACTIONS ........................................................................................................... 31
REACTION RATE AND ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS .................................................. 42
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM .......................................................................................................... 61
ACIDS AND BASES ..................................................................................................................... 78
ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS ............................................................................................ 93
A. GALVANIC CELLS .............................................................................................................. 93
B ELECTROLYTIC CELLS ..................................................................................................... 99
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................ 112
Summaries, terms, definitions & Questions © Free State Department of Education
,Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 2 FS / January 2022
HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT
Dear grade 12 learner
1. This document was compiled as an extra resource to help you to perform well in Physical
Sciences.
2. Firstly, you must make sure that you study the summaries, terms and definitions provided for
each topic. Theory always forms part of any test or examination, and you should ensure that you
obtain full marks for ALL theory questions. Always be prepared to write a test on terms and
definitions as soon as a topic is completed in class. Frequently revise terms and definitions of
topics already completed so that you know them by the time you are sitting for a test or an
examination.
3. Short summaries are supplied at each topic. Model answers are also supplied at the summary of
topics that include questions requiring explanations. Answer all the questions on a certain topic in
your homework book as soon as the topic is completed. Numerical answers are given at the
questions where such answers are required. Use them to guide you about the correctness of
your answers. If you differ from a given answer, you may want to check the correctness of your
answer. Ensure you follow the steps indicated when answering such questions. A separate book
with fully worked out answers is available. Your teacher will decide when he/she will hand out
that specific booklet.
4. If you have the answer book, DO NOT look at the answers before attempting the questions. First
try it yourself. Compare your answers with the given answers. Mark your work with a pencil and
do corrections for your incorrect answers. If you do not know how to answer a question, the
answers are there to guide you. Acquaint yourself with the way in which a particular type of
question should be answered. Answers supplied are from memoranda used to mark the
questions in previous years.
5. Your teacher can, for example, give you two of the questions in this document as homework. The
following day he/she will just check whether you answered them and whether you marked your
answers. The teacher will only discuss those questions in which you do not understand the
answers supplied in the document. Therefore, a lot of time will be saved, depending on when you
receive the answer booklet.
6. The answers are meant to help you to prepare for your tests and examinations. If you choose to
copy answers into your homework book without trying them out yourself, you will be the losing
the developmental aspect of trying to solve problems yourself!
7. Work through all the questions and answers of a particular topic before you sit for an
examination, even if you answered the questions before.
8. Any additional resource is only of help when used correctly. Ensure that you make use of all help
provided in the correct way to enable you to be successful. All the best and may you perform very
well in Physical Sciences.
Credits
Chemical reaction image: ©Clker-Free-Vector-Images from Pixabay.com
Distallation apparatus image: ©OpenClipart-Vectors from Pixabay.com
Chemist image: © Peggy und Marco Lachmann-Anke from Pixabay.com
Summaries, terms, definitions & Questions © Free State Department of Education
,Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 3 FS/January 2022
ORGANIC MOLECULES
ORGANIC MOLECULES
Hydrocarbons
Homologous Carboxylic
Haloalkanes Aldehydes Ketones Esters Alcohols
series Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes acids
CnH2n+1X
General
CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2 CnH2nO CnH2nO CnH2nO2 CnH2n+1OH CnH2nO2
formula X = F, Cℓ, Br
or I
O O O O
C C C C C C C X C OH
C H C C C C O C C O H
Functional
group Hydroxyl group
Only C-H and C- Carbon- Carbon-carbon Halogen atom Formyl group Carbonyl group bonded to a Carboxyl group
C single bonds carbon double triple bond bonded to a bonded to two saturated C atom
bond saturated C atom C atoms
H H H H H O H O H O H H O
H H H H H
Example
H C C H H C C H H C C H H C C C H H C C O C H H C C H
structural C C H C C H H C C O H
formula H H H H H Br
H H H H H H OH H
Example Ethanoic
IUPAC name Ethane Ethene Ethyne Bromoethane Ethanal Propanone Methyl ethanoate Ethanol
acid
London forces
Intermolecular
Dipole-dipole forces
forces
Hydrogen Bonding
Oxidation Substitution
Chemical Substitution
Substitution Addition Elimination Esterification
reactions Elimination Esterification
Elimination
Summaries, terms, definitions & Questions © Free State Department of Education
, Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 4 FS/January 2022
NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
An organic compound in which H atoms in an alkane have been substituted with
Alcohol hydroxyl groups (-OH groups).
General formula: CnH2n + 1OH
Organic compounds having the general structure RCHO where R = H or alkyl.
Aldehydes
General formula: RCHO (R = alkyl group)
An organic compound containing only C-H and C-C single bonds.
Alkane
General formula: CnH2n + 2
A compound of carbon and hydrogen that contains a carbon-carbon double bond.
Alkene
General formula: CnH2n
Alkyl group A group formed by removing one H atom from an alkane.
Alkyne A compound of carbon and hydrogen that contains a carbon-carbon triple bond.
Carbonyl group Functional group of ketones (>C=O)
Carboxyl group Functional group of carboxylic acids (-COOH)
An organic compound containing a carboxyl group (-COOH group).
Carboxylic acid
General formula: CnH2n + 1COOH (or RCOOH)
Chain isomers Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different types of chains.
Condensed structural A formula that shows the way in which atoms are bonded together in the molecule
formula but DOES NOT SHOW ALL bond lines.
A bond or an atom or a group of atoms that determine(s) the physical and chemical
Functional group
properties of a group of organic compounds.
Functional isomers Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different functional groups.
An organic compound in which one or more H atoms in an alkane have been
Haloalkane
replaced with halogen atoms.
(Alkyl halide)
General formula: CnH2n + 1X (X = F, Cℓ, Br or I)
A series of organic compounds that can be described by the same general formula
and that have the same functional group.
Homologous series OR
A series of organic compounds in which one member differs from the next with a CH 2
group.
Hydrocarbon Organic compounds that consist of hydrogen and carbon only.
A chemical nomenclature (set of rules) created and developed by the International
IUPAC naming Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to generate systematic names for
chemical compounds.
A chemical formula that indicates the type of atoms and the correct number of each
Molecular formula
in a molecule, e.g. CH4.
Organic chemistry Chemistry of carbon compounds.
Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different positions of the side
Positional isomer
chain, substituents or functional groups on the parent chain.
The C atom bonded to the hydroxyl group is bonded to ONE other C atom.
Example:
H H
Primary alcohol
H C C O H
H H
The C atom bonded to the halogen is bonded to ONE other C atom.
Example:
Primary haloalkane H H
H C C Br
H H
Summaries, terms, definitions & Questions
© Free State Department of Education
GRADE 12
SUMMARIES, TERMS, DEFINITIONS AND QUESTIONS
PER TOPIC
2022
TABLE OF CONTENTS
HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT .................................................................................................. 2
ORGANIC MOLECULES................................................................................................................ 2
NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ...................................................................... 4
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES ........................................................................................................ 20
ORGANIC REACTIONS ........................................................................................................... 31
REACTION RATE AND ENERGY IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS .................................................. 42
CHEMICAL EQUILIBRIUM .......................................................................................................... 61
ACIDS AND BASES ..................................................................................................................... 78
ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS ............................................................................................ 93
A. GALVANIC CELLS .............................................................................................................. 93
B ELECTROLYTIC CELLS ..................................................................................................... 99
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................................................................................................................ 112
Summaries, terms, definitions & Questions © Free State Department of Education
,Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 2 FS / January 2022
HOW TO USE THIS DOCUMENT
Dear grade 12 learner
1. This document was compiled as an extra resource to help you to perform well in Physical
Sciences.
2. Firstly, you must make sure that you study the summaries, terms and definitions provided for
each topic. Theory always forms part of any test or examination, and you should ensure that you
obtain full marks for ALL theory questions. Always be prepared to write a test on terms and
definitions as soon as a topic is completed in class. Frequently revise terms and definitions of
topics already completed so that you know them by the time you are sitting for a test or an
examination.
3. Short summaries are supplied at each topic. Model answers are also supplied at the summary of
topics that include questions requiring explanations. Answer all the questions on a certain topic in
your homework book as soon as the topic is completed. Numerical answers are given at the
questions where such answers are required. Use them to guide you about the correctness of
your answers. If you differ from a given answer, you may want to check the correctness of your
answer. Ensure you follow the steps indicated when answering such questions. A separate book
with fully worked out answers is available. Your teacher will decide when he/she will hand out
that specific booklet.
4. If you have the answer book, DO NOT look at the answers before attempting the questions. First
try it yourself. Compare your answers with the given answers. Mark your work with a pencil and
do corrections for your incorrect answers. If you do not know how to answer a question, the
answers are there to guide you. Acquaint yourself with the way in which a particular type of
question should be answered. Answers supplied are from memoranda used to mark the
questions in previous years.
5. Your teacher can, for example, give you two of the questions in this document as homework. The
following day he/she will just check whether you answered them and whether you marked your
answers. The teacher will only discuss those questions in which you do not understand the
answers supplied in the document. Therefore, a lot of time will be saved, depending on when you
receive the answer booklet.
6. The answers are meant to help you to prepare for your tests and examinations. If you choose to
copy answers into your homework book without trying them out yourself, you will be the losing
the developmental aspect of trying to solve problems yourself!
7. Work through all the questions and answers of a particular topic before you sit for an
examination, even if you answered the questions before.
8. Any additional resource is only of help when used correctly. Ensure that you make use of all help
provided in the correct way to enable you to be successful. All the best and may you perform very
well in Physical Sciences.
Credits
Chemical reaction image: ©Clker-Free-Vector-Images from Pixabay.com
Distallation apparatus image: ©OpenClipart-Vectors from Pixabay.com
Chemist image: © Peggy und Marco Lachmann-Anke from Pixabay.com
Summaries, terms, definitions & Questions © Free State Department of Education
,Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 3 FS/January 2022
ORGANIC MOLECULES
ORGANIC MOLECULES
Hydrocarbons
Homologous Carboxylic
Haloalkanes Aldehydes Ketones Esters Alcohols
series Alkanes Alkenes Alkynes acids
CnH2n+1X
General
CnH2n+2 CnH2n CnH2n-2 CnH2nO CnH2nO CnH2nO2 CnH2n+1OH CnH2nO2
formula X = F, Cℓ, Br
or I
O O O O
C C C C C C C X C OH
C H C C C C O C C O H
Functional
group Hydroxyl group
Only C-H and C- Carbon- Carbon-carbon Halogen atom Formyl group Carbonyl group bonded to a Carboxyl group
C single bonds carbon double triple bond bonded to a bonded to two saturated C atom
bond saturated C atom C atoms
H H H H H O H O H O H H O
H H H H H
Example
H C C H H C C H H C C H H C C C H H C C O C H H C C H
structural C C H C C H H C C O H
formula H H H H H Br
H H H H H H OH H
Example Ethanoic
IUPAC name Ethane Ethene Ethyne Bromoethane Ethanal Propanone Methyl ethanoate Ethanol
acid
London forces
Intermolecular
Dipole-dipole forces
forces
Hydrogen Bonding
Oxidation Substitution
Chemical Substitution
Substitution Addition Elimination Esterification
reactions Elimination Esterification
Elimination
Summaries, terms, definitions & Questions © Free State Department of Education
, Physical Sciences P2 (Chemistry) Gr 12 4 FS/January 2022
NOMENCLATURE OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS
TERMS AND DEFINITIONS
An organic compound in which H atoms in an alkane have been substituted with
Alcohol hydroxyl groups (-OH groups).
General formula: CnH2n + 1OH
Organic compounds having the general structure RCHO where R = H or alkyl.
Aldehydes
General formula: RCHO (R = alkyl group)
An organic compound containing only C-H and C-C single bonds.
Alkane
General formula: CnH2n + 2
A compound of carbon and hydrogen that contains a carbon-carbon double bond.
Alkene
General formula: CnH2n
Alkyl group A group formed by removing one H atom from an alkane.
Alkyne A compound of carbon and hydrogen that contains a carbon-carbon triple bond.
Carbonyl group Functional group of ketones (>C=O)
Carboxyl group Functional group of carboxylic acids (-COOH)
An organic compound containing a carboxyl group (-COOH group).
Carboxylic acid
General formula: CnH2n + 1COOH (or RCOOH)
Chain isomers Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different types of chains.
Condensed structural A formula that shows the way in which atoms are bonded together in the molecule
formula but DOES NOT SHOW ALL bond lines.
A bond or an atom or a group of atoms that determine(s) the physical and chemical
Functional group
properties of a group of organic compounds.
Functional isomers Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different functional groups.
An organic compound in which one or more H atoms in an alkane have been
Haloalkane
replaced with halogen atoms.
(Alkyl halide)
General formula: CnH2n + 1X (X = F, Cℓ, Br or I)
A series of organic compounds that can be described by the same general formula
and that have the same functional group.
Homologous series OR
A series of organic compounds in which one member differs from the next with a CH 2
group.
Hydrocarbon Organic compounds that consist of hydrogen and carbon only.
A chemical nomenclature (set of rules) created and developed by the International
IUPAC naming Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) to generate systematic names for
chemical compounds.
A chemical formula that indicates the type of atoms and the correct number of each
Molecular formula
in a molecule, e.g. CH4.
Organic chemistry Chemistry of carbon compounds.
Compounds with the same molecular formula, but different positions of the side
Positional isomer
chain, substituents or functional groups on the parent chain.
The C atom bonded to the hydroxyl group is bonded to ONE other C atom.
Example:
H H
Primary alcohol
H C C O H
H H
The C atom bonded to the halogen is bonded to ONE other C atom.
Example:
Primary haloalkane H H
H C C Br
H H
Summaries, terms, definitions & Questions
© Free State Department of Education
