Unit 4 Exam BI 122 GRCC Periard
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and
CORRECT Answers
What are the three tissue layers of the uterus? - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. Endometrium:
Inner mucosal lining of uterus
2. Myometrium: Thick middle layer
3. Perimetrium: Outer covering - serosa
endocrine glands - CORRECT ANSWER - A ductless gland that secretes hormones into body
fluids. (ex: pituitary gland, & cells in pancreas)
exocrine glands - CORRECT ANSWER - A gland that has ducts and has watery secretions
that get dumped into ducts that lead to body surfaces/tubes. (ex: sweat/salivary/mammary
glands)
Explain how the general functions of the endocrine system are much like those of the nervous
system. - CORRECT ANSWER - Overall - much like the Nervous System because it
Preserves Homeostasis by coordinating and regulating activities of other cells!!
Define Hormone - CORRECT ANSWER - Biochemical messengers released in one tissue and
transported within the circulation to affect the activities of other cells/tissues.
What are the 3 classes of hormones and give an example of each. - CORRECT ANSWER -
Lipid Derivatives - example: Steroids (estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol)
Eicosanoids (Prostaglandins = compounds that have hormone-like effects)
Amino Acid Derivatives - Example: norepinephrine, epinephrine, melatonin.
,Peptide Hormones - Example: ADH (chain of 9 amino acids), GH (chain of 191 amino acids),
insulin, cholecystokinin (CCK), thymosin.
How are hormones inactivated? Also, how long are they active? - CORRECT ANSWER -
They are inactivated when: They bind to the target organ, They are absorbed and broken down by
the liver or kidneys, They are broken down in ECF by enzymes.
Hormones are functional for less than an hour in circulation.
Using the 6 steps discussed in class, explain how a steroid hormone (lipid soluble hormone)
works. (Explaining using Aldosterone as an example may help) - CORRECT ANSWER - 1st-
Endocrine gland secretes steroid hormone (For example Aldosterone).
2nd- Steroid hormone (which is lipid soluble) easily diffuses through target cell's membrane and
enters its nucleus.
3rd- Steroid hormone combines with a receptor.
4th- Steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA, which activates specific genes (activated
genes promote synthesis of mRNA) *Recall DNA doesn't leave the nucleus, so RNA takes the
"notes."
5th- mRNA enters cytoplasm and directs ribosomes to synthesize specific proteins
6th- Newly synthesized proteins bring about cellular changes, producing the hormone's effects.
Using the 6 steps discussed in class, explain how a non-steroid hormone (not lipid-soluble)
works. (Explaining using ADH may help) - CORRECT ANSWER - 1st- Endocrine gland
secretes non-steroid hormone (example ADH).
2nd- Body fluid carries hormone to its target cell.
, 3rd- Non-steroid hormone combines with receptor site on its target cell, which activates G
protein (a membrane protein).
4th- G protein activates an enzyme (adenylate cyclase (The enzyme) ).
5th- Enzyme (adenylate cyclase) diffuses into cytoplasm and converts ATP cAMP (cyclic
adenosine monophosphate).
6th- cAMP activates another set of enzymes that lead to cellular changes, producing the
hormone's effects. (cAMP is quickly inactivated...so a sustained response depends on continued
hormone secretion).
Does positive or negative feedback mainly control hormone secretions in the body? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Methods of control mainly involve negative feedback (although there are a few
examples of positive feedback - example- oxytocin in labor).
How does the hypothalamus control the secretion of other hormones? Give an example using
GnRH. - CORRECT ANSWER - It Directly releases regulatory hormones (example- GnRH)
that stimulate endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary to release hormones (example - LH), which
in turn cause other endocrine glands to release their hormones (example - sex hormones released
by testes/ovaries).
Besides the hypothalamus, what are the two other methods of controlling hormone secretion? -
CORRECT ANSWER - The two other methods of control are: Nervous System (Sympathetic
(fight or flight) Nervous System), & Changes in Internal Environment
What major gland does the hypothalamus control? - CORRECT ANSWER - The
hypothalamus controls the pituitary glands activities.
function and structure of posterior pituitary gland. - CORRECT ANSWER - Posterior
pituitary (neurohypophysis)- specialized neurons in the hypothalamus produce hormones (ADH,
OT). These hormones travel down axons to the posterior lobe and are stored there. Nerve
impulses from hypothalamus cause them to be released into blood.
UPDATED ACTUAL Exam Questions and
CORRECT Answers
What are the three tissue layers of the uterus? - CORRECT ANSWER - 1. Endometrium:
Inner mucosal lining of uterus
2. Myometrium: Thick middle layer
3. Perimetrium: Outer covering - serosa
endocrine glands - CORRECT ANSWER - A ductless gland that secretes hormones into body
fluids. (ex: pituitary gland, & cells in pancreas)
exocrine glands - CORRECT ANSWER - A gland that has ducts and has watery secretions
that get dumped into ducts that lead to body surfaces/tubes. (ex: sweat/salivary/mammary
glands)
Explain how the general functions of the endocrine system are much like those of the nervous
system. - CORRECT ANSWER - Overall - much like the Nervous System because it
Preserves Homeostasis by coordinating and regulating activities of other cells!!
Define Hormone - CORRECT ANSWER - Biochemical messengers released in one tissue and
transported within the circulation to affect the activities of other cells/tissues.
What are the 3 classes of hormones and give an example of each. - CORRECT ANSWER -
Lipid Derivatives - example: Steroids (estrogen, testosterone, aldosterone, cortisol)
Eicosanoids (Prostaglandins = compounds that have hormone-like effects)
Amino Acid Derivatives - Example: norepinephrine, epinephrine, melatonin.
,Peptide Hormones - Example: ADH (chain of 9 amino acids), GH (chain of 191 amino acids),
insulin, cholecystokinin (CCK), thymosin.
How are hormones inactivated? Also, how long are they active? - CORRECT ANSWER -
They are inactivated when: They bind to the target organ, They are absorbed and broken down by
the liver or kidneys, They are broken down in ECF by enzymes.
Hormones are functional for less than an hour in circulation.
Using the 6 steps discussed in class, explain how a steroid hormone (lipid soluble hormone)
works. (Explaining using Aldosterone as an example may help) - CORRECT ANSWER - 1st-
Endocrine gland secretes steroid hormone (For example Aldosterone).
2nd- Steroid hormone (which is lipid soluble) easily diffuses through target cell's membrane and
enters its nucleus.
3rd- Steroid hormone combines with a receptor.
4th- Steroid hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA, which activates specific genes (activated
genes promote synthesis of mRNA) *Recall DNA doesn't leave the nucleus, so RNA takes the
"notes."
5th- mRNA enters cytoplasm and directs ribosomes to synthesize specific proteins
6th- Newly synthesized proteins bring about cellular changes, producing the hormone's effects.
Using the 6 steps discussed in class, explain how a non-steroid hormone (not lipid-soluble)
works. (Explaining using ADH may help) - CORRECT ANSWER - 1st- Endocrine gland
secretes non-steroid hormone (example ADH).
2nd- Body fluid carries hormone to its target cell.
, 3rd- Non-steroid hormone combines with receptor site on its target cell, which activates G
protein (a membrane protein).
4th- G protein activates an enzyme (adenylate cyclase (The enzyme) ).
5th- Enzyme (adenylate cyclase) diffuses into cytoplasm and converts ATP cAMP (cyclic
adenosine monophosphate).
6th- cAMP activates another set of enzymes that lead to cellular changes, producing the
hormone's effects. (cAMP is quickly inactivated...so a sustained response depends on continued
hormone secretion).
Does positive or negative feedback mainly control hormone secretions in the body? - CORRECT
ANSWER - Methods of control mainly involve negative feedback (although there are a few
examples of positive feedback - example- oxytocin in labor).
How does the hypothalamus control the secretion of other hormones? Give an example using
GnRH. - CORRECT ANSWER - It Directly releases regulatory hormones (example- GnRH)
that stimulate endocrine cells in the anterior pituitary to release hormones (example - LH), which
in turn cause other endocrine glands to release their hormones (example - sex hormones released
by testes/ovaries).
Besides the hypothalamus, what are the two other methods of controlling hormone secretion? -
CORRECT ANSWER - The two other methods of control are: Nervous System (Sympathetic
(fight or flight) Nervous System), & Changes in Internal Environment
What major gland does the hypothalamus control? - CORRECT ANSWER - The
hypothalamus controls the pituitary glands activities.
function and structure of posterior pituitary gland. - CORRECT ANSWER - Posterior
pituitary (neurohypophysis)- specialized neurons in the hypothalamus produce hormones (ADH,
OT). These hormones travel down axons to the posterior lobe and are stored there. Nerve
impulses from hypothalamus cause them to be released into blood.
