1|Page
CPHON Exam Practice Questions and
Answers 100% Pass
G1 - ✔✔The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of
interphase before DNA synthesis begins. Cell grows larger and produces ribosome and
proteins.
S - ✔✔All 46 chromosomes are replicated in the cells nucleus
G2 - ✔✔The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of
interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. DNA is condensed into rod form .
(M) Mitosis - ✔✔Mitosis. Cells physically divides into two daughter cells, each with its
own nucleus and identical chromosomes.
G0 - ✔✔Resting phase and Not succeptible to chemotherapy as it in not in active cell
cycle. Preforming it's programmed function. Will either die or repair DNA.
Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) - ✔✔Stimulate the cell to proceed into the next phase
of the cell cycle.
Check points - ✔✔Occur at G1, G2, and Mitosis; uses chemical and physical signals to
monitor the growth of cells. In normal cells if DNA defects are found, progression
through the cell cycle is halted. Errors that cannot be repaired result in cell death
Katelyn Whitman© 2025, All Rights Reserved.
,2|Page
(apoptosis). In cancer cells these check points may be defective resulting in uncontrolled
proliferation.
Apoptosis - ✔✔Natural cell death and removal by phagocytes. Each normal cell has a
limited number of cell divisions. Malignant cells have lost the ability to undergo
apoptosis, resulting in immortalization. Inducing apoptosis to these cells via necrosis is
the goal of cancer treatments.
Proto-oncogenes - ✔✔normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal
cellular processes, they promote growth. alterations in the expression of these cells
result in oncogenes
Oncogenes - ✔✔genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal controls on cell
reproduction. Activity of oncogenes produces a constant signal for production in the
cell cycle and cause the cell to grow out of control. MYCN associated with
neuroblastoma
Tumor Supressor Gene - ✔✔A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division,
thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer. If these
genes are damaged or absent, cells lack the appropriate growth inhibiting factors and
grow out of control. P53 gene
p53 - ✔✔tumor suppressor gene. Most often mutated in cancers.
Hallmark of cancer - ✔✔Increase in genetic instability and mutation rates. Dividing
malignant cells rapidly acquire gentic changes , so tumors are similar but not identical.
Katelyn Whitman© 2025, All Rights Reserved.
, 3|Page
This means that with variability in cells one chemotherapy agent may not be effective
against all tumor cells.
Hematopoietic stem cell - ✔✔cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood
cells (neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets).
Lymphoid lineage - ✔✔B cells, T cells, NK cells. B cells from the bone marrow, T cells
from the thymus
myeloid lineage - ✔✔A subset of bone-marrow derived cells comprising granulocytes,
monocytes, and macrophages.
Immune Response - ✔✔The body's defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral
agents, or other foreign substances. May play a role in the prevention of many cancers.
3 layers of the immune response - ✔✔1) physical barrier (mucous membranes and skin)
2) innate or nonspecific immune system
3) adaptive or acquired immune system
Physical barrier immune system - ✔✔Skin and mucous membranes. Interruption of the
integrity of these barriers provides a portal of entry for infectious agents.
Innate or passive immunity - ✔✔Rapid, nonspecific response to invading pathogens.
Neutrophils are the first at the site of infection, providing nonspecific phagocytosis and
bacterial ingestion. Possess when we are born.
Katelyn Whitman© 2025, All Rights Reserved.
CPHON Exam Practice Questions and
Answers 100% Pass
G1 - ✔✔The first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of
interphase before DNA synthesis begins. Cell grows larger and produces ribosome and
proteins.
S - ✔✔All 46 chromosomes are replicated in the cells nucleus
G2 - ✔✔The second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of
interphase after DNA synthesis occurs. DNA is condensed into rod form .
(M) Mitosis - ✔✔Mitosis. Cells physically divides into two daughter cells, each with its
own nucleus and identical chromosomes.
G0 - ✔✔Resting phase and Not succeptible to chemotherapy as it in not in active cell
cycle. Preforming it's programmed function. Will either die or repair DNA.
Cyclin dependent kinases (CDKs) - ✔✔Stimulate the cell to proceed into the next phase
of the cell cycle.
Check points - ✔✔Occur at G1, G2, and Mitosis; uses chemical and physical signals to
monitor the growth of cells. In normal cells if DNA defects are found, progression
through the cell cycle is halted. Errors that cannot be repaired result in cell death
Katelyn Whitman© 2025, All Rights Reserved.
,2|Page
(apoptosis). In cancer cells these check points may be defective resulting in uncontrolled
proliferation.
Apoptosis - ✔✔Natural cell death and removal by phagocytes. Each normal cell has a
limited number of cell divisions. Malignant cells have lost the ability to undergo
apoptosis, resulting in immortalization. Inducing apoptosis to these cells via necrosis is
the goal of cancer treatments.
Proto-oncogenes - ✔✔normal cellular genes that are important regulators of normal
cellular processes, they promote growth. alterations in the expression of these cells
result in oncogenes
Oncogenes - ✔✔genes that cause cancer by blocking the normal controls on cell
reproduction. Activity of oncogenes produces a constant signal for production in the
cell cycle and cause the cell to grow out of control. MYCN associated with
neuroblastoma
Tumor Supressor Gene - ✔✔A gene whose protein product inhibits cell division,
thereby preventing the uncontrolled cell growth that contributes to cancer. If these
genes are damaged or absent, cells lack the appropriate growth inhibiting factors and
grow out of control. P53 gene
p53 - ✔✔tumor suppressor gene. Most often mutated in cancers.
Hallmark of cancer - ✔✔Increase in genetic instability and mutation rates. Dividing
malignant cells rapidly acquire gentic changes , so tumors are similar but not identical.
Katelyn Whitman© 2025, All Rights Reserved.
, 3|Page
This means that with variability in cells one chemotherapy agent may not be effective
against all tumor cells.
Hematopoietic stem cell - ✔✔cell in the bone marrow that gives rise to all types of blood
cells (neutrophils, monocytes, lymphocytes, erythrocytes, and platelets).
Lymphoid lineage - ✔✔B cells, T cells, NK cells. B cells from the bone marrow, T cells
from the thymus
myeloid lineage - ✔✔A subset of bone-marrow derived cells comprising granulocytes,
monocytes, and macrophages.
Immune Response - ✔✔The body's defensive reaction to invasion by bacteria, viral
agents, or other foreign substances. May play a role in the prevention of many cancers.
3 layers of the immune response - ✔✔1) physical barrier (mucous membranes and skin)
2) innate or nonspecific immune system
3) adaptive or acquired immune system
Physical barrier immune system - ✔✔Skin and mucous membranes. Interruption of the
integrity of these barriers provides a portal of entry for infectious agents.
Innate or passive immunity - ✔✔Rapid, nonspecific response to invading pathogens.
Neutrophils are the first at the site of infection, providing nonspecific phagocytosis and
bacterial ingestion. Possess when we are born.
Katelyn Whitman© 2025, All Rights Reserved.
