PRE-TEST EXAM:
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, 2025/2026
WITH CORRECT/ACCURATE
ANSWERS
Which of the following factors is likely to result in decreased renal
blood flow?
Select one:
a. Release of nitric oxide
b. Action of prostaglandins
c. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
d. Action of dopamine - CORRECT ANSWERS- c. Sympathetic
nervous system stimulation
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation results in
decreased renal blood flow by vasoconstriction. Dopamine, nitric
oxide, and prostaglandins are all vasodilators.
A high school senior sustained a concussion during a football
game. Which of the following signs and symptoms would indicate
the presence of postconcussion syndrome in the days and weeks
following his injury?
Select one:
a. Unilateral weakness and decreased coordination
,b. Recurrent nosebleeds and hypersomnia
c. Neck pain and decreased neck range of motion
d. Headaches and memory lapses - CORRECT ANSWERS- d.
Headaches and memory lapses
(Postconcussion syndrome includes mild symptoms, such as
headache, irritability, insomnia, and poor concentration and
memory. Nosebleeds, hypersomnia, unilateral motor changes,
and neck pain are indicative of more severe brain injury and/or
soft tissue injury.)
The pathogenic capacity of the tubercle bacillus is related to:
Select one:
a. The initiation of a cell-mediated immune response
b. Its inherent destructive capabilities
c. Formation of a Ghon focus lesion
d. Rapid viral replication in host cells - CORRECT ANSWERS- a.
The initiation of a cell-mediated immune response
The pathogenesis of tuberculosis, in previously unexposed
immunocompetent people, is a cell-mediated immune response
that confers resistance to the organism and development of
hypersensitivity to the tubercular antigens. Pathologic
manifestations of tuberculosis, such as caseating granuloma and
cavitation, are the result of the hypersensitivity reaction rather
than its inherent destructive capabilities. In persons with intact
cell-mediated immunity, the cell-mediated immune response
results in the development of a granulomatous lesion, called a
,Ghon focus, that contains the tubercle bacilli, modified
macrophages, and other immune cells.
As a result of hypoxemia and polycythemia, persons with chronic
obstructive bronchitis are prone to:
Select one:
a. Expiratory airway collapse
b. Pulmonary hypertension
c. Breakdown of elastin
d. Left-sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS- b. Pulmonary
hypertension
Hypoxemia causes reflex vasoconstriction of the pulmonary
vessels and further impairment of gas exchange in the lung.
Hypoxemia also stimulates red blood cell production, causing
polycythemia. As a result, persons with chronic obstructive
bronchitis may develop pulmonary hypertension and right-sided
heart failure. With breakdown and loss of lung elasticity and
hyperinflation of the lungs with emphysema, the airways often
collapse during expiration.
A diabetic client was visiting the endocrinologist for annual
checkup. The client's blood work reveals an increased level of
which lab result that reveals early signs of diabetic nephropathy?
Select one:
a. Hyperlipidemia
b. Hypokalemia
, c. Oliguria
d. Microalbuminuria - CORRECT ANSWERS- d. Microalbuminuria
One of the first manifestations of diabetic nephropathy is
increased urinary albumin excretion (i.e., microalbuminuria). Risk
factors, rather than renal manifestations, include glycosylated
hemoglobin levels greater than 8.1%, genetic and familial
predisposition, hypertension, poor glycemic control, smoking, and
hyperlipidemia. Usually, serum potassium levels are elevated
(hyperkalemia) in diabetic nephropathy. The presence of ketones
in the urine is a sign of ketoacidosis and severe hyperglycemia
rather than nephropathy.
A female teenager has experienced three uncomplicated urinary
tract infections in the last 3 months. Knowing the anatomical
location of the urethra, the nurse should educate this teenager
about:
Select one:
a. Washing hands prior to inserting a tampon to minimize the risk
of group B Streptococcus
b. Wearing gloves when wiping perineum after defecation to
prevent Staphylococcus aureus infection
c. Wiping from front to back to prevent Escherichia coli
contamination of the urethra
d. Proper handwashing to decrease amount of Pseudomonas
growing on the hands - CORRECT ANSWERS- c. Wiping from front
to back to prevent Escherichia coli contamination of the urethra
PATHOPHYSIOLOGY, 2025/2026
WITH CORRECT/ACCURATE
ANSWERS
Which of the following factors is likely to result in decreased renal
blood flow?
Select one:
a. Release of nitric oxide
b. Action of prostaglandins
c. Sympathetic nervous system stimulation
d. Action of dopamine - CORRECT ANSWERS- c. Sympathetic
nervous system stimulation
Sympathetic nervous system (SNS) stimulation results in
decreased renal blood flow by vasoconstriction. Dopamine, nitric
oxide, and prostaglandins are all vasodilators.
A high school senior sustained a concussion during a football
game. Which of the following signs and symptoms would indicate
the presence of postconcussion syndrome in the days and weeks
following his injury?
Select one:
a. Unilateral weakness and decreased coordination
,b. Recurrent nosebleeds and hypersomnia
c. Neck pain and decreased neck range of motion
d. Headaches and memory lapses - CORRECT ANSWERS- d.
Headaches and memory lapses
(Postconcussion syndrome includes mild symptoms, such as
headache, irritability, insomnia, and poor concentration and
memory. Nosebleeds, hypersomnia, unilateral motor changes,
and neck pain are indicative of more severe brain injury and/or
soft tissue injury.)
The pathogenic capacity of the tubercle bacillus is related to:
Select one:
a. The initiation of a cell-mediated immune response
b. Its inherent destructive capabilities
c. Formation of a Ghon focus lesion
d. Rapid viral replication in host cells - CORRECT ANSWERS- a.
The initiation of a cell-mediated immune response
The pathogenesis of tuberculosis, in previously unexposed
immunocompetent people, is a cell-mediated immune response
that confers resistance to the organism and development of
hypersensitivity to the tubercular antigens. Pathologic
manifestations of tuberculosis, such as caseating granuloma and
cavitation, are the result of the hypersensitivity reaction rather
than its inherent destructive capabilities. In persons with intact
cell-mediated immunity, the cell-mediated immune response
results in the development of a granulomatous lesion, called a
,Ghon focus, that contains the tubercle bacilli, modified
macrophages, and other immune cells.
As a result of hypoxemia and polycythemia, persons with chronic
obstructive bronchitis are prone to:
Select one:
a. Expiratory airway collapse
b. Pulmonary hypertension
c. Breakdown of elastin
d. Left-sided heart failure - CORRECT ANSWERS- b. Pulmonary
hypertension
Hypoxemia causes reflex vasoconstriction of the pulmonary
vessels and further impairment of gas exchange in the lung.
Hypoxemia also stimulates red blood cell production, causing
polycythemia. As a result, persons with chronic obstructive
bronchitis may develop pulmonary hypertension and right-sided
heart failure. With breakdown and loss of lung elasticity and
hyperinflation of the lungs with emphysema, the airways often
collapse during expiration.
A diabetic client was visiting the endocrinologist for annual
checkup. The client's blood work reveals an increased level of
which lab result that reveals early signs of diabetic nephropathy?
Select one:
a. Hyperlipidemia
b. Hypokalemia
, c. Oliguria
d. Microalbuminuria - CORRECT ANSWERS- d. Microalbuminuria
One of the first manifestations of diabetic nephropathy is
increased urinary albumin excretion (i.e., microalbuminuria). Risk
factors, rather than renal manifestations, include glycosylated
hemoglobin levels greater than 8.1%, genetic and familial
predisposition, hypertension, poor glycemic control, smoking, and
hyperlipidemia. Usually, serum potassium levels are elevated
(hyperkalemia) in diabetic nephropathy. The presence of ketones
in the urine is a sign of ketoacidosis and severe hyperglycemia
rather than nephropathy.
A female teenager has experienced three uncomplicated urinary
tract infections in the last 3 months. Knowing the anatomical
location of the urethra, the nurse should educate this teenager
about:
Select one:
a. Washing hands prior to inserting a tampon to minimize the risk
of group B Streptococcus
b. Wearing gloves when wiping perineum after defecation to
prevent Staphylococcus aureus infection
c. Wiping from front to back to prevent Escherichia coli
contamination of the urethra
d. Proper handwashing to decrease amount of Pseudomonas
growing on the hands - CORRECT ANSWERS- c. Wiping from front
to back to prevent Escherichia coli contamination of the urethra
