BIOD 152 Module 1 Exam (3 Versions, L / BIOD152 Module 1 Exam / BIOD 152 A & P 2 Module 1 Exam: Essential Human Anatomy & Physiology NEW

BIOD 152 Module 1 Exam (3 Versions, L / BIOD152 Module 1 Exam / BIOD 152 A & P 2 Module 1 Exam: Essential Human Anatomy & Physiology NEW types of support neuroglial in cns - ependymal, oligodendrocytes, astrocytes, microglial ependymal cells - produce cerebrospinal fluid Oligodendrocytes - insulation Astrocytes - form blood brain barrier microglial cells - remove waste products action potential - a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon steps of action potential - resting state, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization Describe what happens to the charges on the axon cell membrane during depolarization and what causes this to happen. - Sodium gates open and sodium rushes into the axon and the inside becomes more positive than the outside causing the membrane potential to become more positive. Describe what happens to the charges on the axon cell membrane during repolarization and what causes this to happen. - The sodium gates close and potassium gates open allowing potassium to rush out of the axon. This returns a negative charge to the inside of the axon re-establishing the negative potential. describe what happens during afterpolarization - The potassium gates that open during repolarization are slow to close and there is an afterpolarization undershoot of the potential. What causes the difference in intensity of a sensation? - Due to the number of neurons stimulated and the frequency with which they are stimulated. True or False: An impulse from a neuron moves in both directions. - false What is meant by neuron signals being electrochemical in nature? - The signal moves from electrical (through the neuron) to chemical (in the synapse) to electrical again once the signal reaches the next neuron. What is the chemical portion of neuron signal transmission? - neurotransmitters How is an impulse passed from one nerve cell to another? - There is a minute fluid-filled space, called a synapse, between the axon terminal of the sending neuron and the dendrite of the receiving neuron. When a nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon, neurotransmitters are released into the synapse. What prevents continuous stimulation of a nerve synapse and how is this accomplished? - The short existence of neurotransmitters in the synapse prevents continuous stimulation. What neurotransmitter helps regulate emotional responses and muscle tone? - dopamine What neurotransmitter is found at the neuromuscular junctions? - acetylcholine Once ACh is released in the NMJ, what happens to cause muscle contraction to occur? - Acetylcholine binds to receptors on the muscle fiber that cause sodium channels to open. Sodium rushes into the muscle cell, triggering an action potential which reaches the sarcoplasmic reticulum reflex - a simple, automatic response to a sensory stimulus, such as the knee-jerk response Sensory information travels into the spinal cord via the _______ of a nerve - dorsal root What is the gray and white matter of the spinal cord? - Gray matter contains the cell bodies of neurons. The white matter of the spinal cord contains the axons of neurons DRG contains - sensory cell bodies Sensory neurons synapse on cells in the _______ of the spinal cord. - posterior horn Motor neuron cell bodies are in the _______ of the spinal cord. - anterior horn Anatomy - The study of body structure Physiology - The study of body function _____ neurons send messages from the central nervous system to the peripheral. - motor neuroglia cells - support neurons PNS neuroglia - satellite cells and schwann cells true/false: axons can't regenerate in pns - false true/false: myelin sheath is continuous and has no gaps - false The function of the nervous system is to integrate and control the other body systems. Explain how the nervous system does this - The nervous system receives and processes information and sends out signals to the muscles and glands to elicit an appropriate response. In this way, the nervous system integrates and controls the other systems of the body. 2 parts of the nervous system - central nervous system and peripheral nervous system the brain is protected by - skull the spine is protected by - vertebrae collections of cell bodies in cns - nuclei collection of nerve axons - tracts PNS consists of - cranial and spinal nerves collection of cell bodies in PNS - ganglia collection of nerve axons in pns - nerves divisions of pns - sensory and motor sensory - afferent motor - efferent divisions of efferent division - somatic nervous system and autonomic nervous system somatic nervous system - the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body's skeletal muscles