EXSC 330 - Exam 1 Questions and
Answers 100% Pass | Graded A+
ATP - ✔✔(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for
most of their work.
potential energy extracted from food, energy stored in bonds of ATP ->
outermost phosphate is released (uses ATPase)
ADP forms when ___ joins with ____ - ✔✔ATP; H2O
Phosphocreatine (PCr) system - ✔✔anaerobic resynthesis of ATP, uses
creatine kinase (CK).
ADP is phosphorylated to ATP (high levels of ADP is favored)
~10 sec max yield
adenylate kinase - ✔✔assists in ATP regeneration
2 ADP -> ATP and AMP
cell store ____ more PCr than ATP - ✔✔4-6x
creatine - ✔✔___ may be phosphorylated back to PCr system
1
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
,byproducts of PCr hydrolysis and adenylate kinase reaction - ✔✔- Pi
(inorganic phosphate)
- AMP
- ADP
byproducts of PCr and adenylate kinase stimulate: - ✔✔-
glycogenolysis/glycolysis
- oxidative phosphorylation
glycolysis - ✔✔intermediate energy system, anaerobic
~ 90 sec
relies solely on carbohydrates (CHO)
glycolysis occurs in - ✔✔cytosol
glucose is cleaved into ____ in glycolysis - ✔✔2 pyruvate molecules, which
may convert to lactate
transport of glucose into the sarcoplasm for use in glycolysis is dependent
on _____ - ✔✔GLUT4 transporters
- responds to elevated insulin
- responds to physical activity INDEPENDENT of insulin
rate limiting enzymes in glycolysis - ✔✔- hexokinase
2
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
,- phosphofructokinase
- pyruvate kinase
pyruvate may be ____ to form lactate - ✔✔reduced
- lactate dehydrogenase drives this REVERSIBLE reaction
lactate accumulation (not production) signals onset of _____ -
✔✔anaerobic metabolism
lactate shuttle - ✔✔lactate produced in fast twitch muscle fibers can be
"Shuttled" to other fast/slow twitch fibers for conversion to pyruvate
when O2 becomes available,... - ✔✔pyruvate can be oxidized as an energy
source in these other cells
gluconeogenesis - ✔✔lactate is converted back to pyruvate and then to
glucose in the LIVER in the CORI cycle
- new glucose is available for use in muscle
oxidative phosphorylation - ✔✔comprised of Krebs (or TCA) cycle and the
electron transport chain. AEROBIC metabolism
- takes place in mitochondria
3
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
, P/O ratio - ✔✔ratio of phosphagen bonds formed to oxygen atoms
consumed
Process of oxidative phosphorylation - ✔✔passes electrons from oxidation
of a fuel source (CHO, fat, PRO) to NADH or FADH2, and finally to oxygen
to produce ATP
- slow but high ATP yield
proton pump - ✔✔used by oxidative phosphorylation, used to generate
gradient
- chemiosmotic coupling joins ADP and Pi
- 50% efficiency of ETC
Krebs Cycle - ✔✔continues oxidation of:
- CHO following glycolysis
- fatty acids following beta oxidation
- some amino acids following deamination
first step of Krebs cycle - ✔✔entry of Acetyl-CoA (which is formed from
pyruvate if following glycolysis). IRREVERSIBLE reaction
4
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Answers 100% Pass | Graded A+
ATP - ✔✔(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for
most of their work.
potential energy extracted from food, energy stored in bonds of ATP ->
outermost phosphate is released (uses ATPase)
ADP forms when ___ joins with ____ - ✔✔ATP; H2O
Phosphocreatine (PCr) system - ✔✔anaerobic resynthesis of ATP, uses
creatine kinase (CK).
ADP is phosphorylated to ATP (high levels of ADP is favored)
~10 sec max yield
adenylate kinase - ✔✔assists in ATP regeneration
2 ADP -> ATP and AMP
cell store ____ more PCr than ATP - ✔✔4-6x
creatine - ✔✔___ may be phosphorylated back to PCr system
1
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
,byproducts of PCr hydrolysis and adenylate kinase reaction - ✔✔- Pi
(inorganic phosphate)
- AMP
- ADP
byproducts of PCr and adenylate kinase stimulate: - ✔✔-
glycogenolysis/glycolysis
- oxidative phosphorylation
glycolysis - ✔✔intermediate energy system, anaerobic
~ 90 sec
relies solely on carbohydrates (CHO)
glycolysis occurs in - ✔✔cytosol
glucose is cleaved into ____ in glycolysis - ✔✔2 pyruvate molecules, which
may convert to lactate
transport of glucose into the sarcoplasm for use in glycolysis is dependent
on _____ - ✔✔GLUT4 transporters
- responds to elevated insulin
- responds to physical activity INDEPENDENT of insulin
rate limiting enzymes in glycolysis - ✔✔- hexokinase
2
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
,- phosphofructokinase
- pyruvate kinase
pyruvate may be ____ to form lactate - ✔✔reduced
- lactate dehydrogenase drives this REVERSIBLE reaction
lactate accumulation (not production) signals onset of _____ -
✔✔anaerobic metabolism
lactate shuttle - ✔✔lactate produced in fast twitch muscle fibers can be
"Shuttled" to other fast/slow twitch fibers for conversion to pyruvate
when O2 becomes available,... - ✔✔pyruvate can be oxidized as an energy
source in these other cells
gluconeogenesis - ✔✔lactate is converted back to pyruvate and then to
glucose in the LIVER in the CORI cycle
- new glucose is available for use in muscle
oxidative phosphorylation - ✔✔comprised of Krebs (or TCA) cycle and the
electron transport chain. AEROBIC metabolism
- takes place in mitochondria
3
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
, P/O ratio - ✔✔ratio of phosphagen bonds formed to oxygen atoms
consumed
Process of oxidative phosphorylation - ✔✔passes electrons from oxidation
of a fuel source (CHO, fat, PRO) to NADH or FADH2, and finally to oxygen
to produce ATP
- slow but high ATP yield
proton pump - ✔✔used by oxidative phosphorylation, used to generate
gradient
- chemiosmotic coupling joins ADP and Pi
- 50% efficiency of ETC
Krebs Cycle - ✔✔continues oxidation of:
- CHO following glycolysis
- fatty acids following beta oxidation
- some amino acids following deamination
first step of Krebs cycle - ✔✔entry of Acetyl-CoA (which is formed from
pyruvate if following glycolysis). IRREVERSIBLE reaction
4
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
