EXSC 223 EXAM 1 Questions and
Answers 100% Solved | Rated A+
Negative Feedback - ✔✔Maintain or restore balance
→ (Afferent pathway) Receptor → Control Center (CNS) → (Efferent
pathway) Effector → Balance →
Example: Body temperature rises (Stimulus), Sensitive cells in skin and
brain (Receptors), Thermoregulatory center in the brain (Control Center),
Sweat glands (Effector), Evaporation of sweat, Body temperature falls
(Response)
Positive Feedback - ✔✔Magnify the original stimulus; Self-sustaining or
self-perpetuating
Catalyst - ✔✔Lowers the energy of activation; Increase the rate of a
reaction without being consumed in the reaction
Enzymes - ✔✔Biological catalysts
Apoenzymes - ✔✔Protein portion
Cofactor - ✔✔Assist the reaction
ATP - ✔✔Adenosine Triphosphate
1
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
, (Adenine + Ribose (sugar) + Phosphate groups)
Phosphate groups connected by high energy phosphate bonds that can be
hydrolyzed to release energy (usually in the form of heat)
Adenosine - ✔✔Binds to receptors in brain and causes us to be less alert;
signaling molecule
The Cell Theory - ✔✔1. Cell is the basic unit of life
2. Organism activity depends on individual and collective activities of cells.
3. Principal of complementarity; Specific subcellular structures dictate
biochemical activities.
4. Continuity of life has a cellular basis
Phospholipids - ✔✔Make up the cell membrane by forming the
phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol - ✔✔Stabilizes the membrane and maintains fluidity; The basis
for all steroids formed in the body
Glygolipids - ✔✔Attached sugar groups
Integral Membrane Proteins - ✔✔Most transmembrane, hydrophobic, and
hydrophilic regions; Involved in transport function (channels, carriers)
Peripheral Membrane Proteins - ✔✔Not usually embedded in the lipid,
attached to integral proteins; Often enzymes and signaling proteins
2
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
Answers 100% Solved | Rated A+
Negative Feedback - ✔✔Maintain or restore balance
→ (Afferent pathway) Receptor → Control Center (CNS) → (Efferent
pathway) Effector → Balance →
Example: Body temperature rises (Stimulus), Sensitive cells in skin and
brain (Receptors), Thermoregulatory center in the brain (Control Center),
Sweat glands (Effector), Evaporation of sweat, Body temperature falls
(Response)
Positive Feedback - ✔✔Magnify the original stimulus; Self-sustaining or
self-perpetuating
Catalyst - ✔✔Lowers the energy of activation; Increase the rate of a
reaction without being consumed in the reaction
Enzymes - ✔✔Biological catalysts
Apoenzymes - ✔✔Protein portion
Cofactor - ✔✔Assist the reaction
ATP - ✔✔Adenosine Triphosphate
1
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
, (Adenine + Ribose (sugar) + Phosphate groups)
Phosphate groups connected by high energy phosphate bonds that can be
hydrolyzed to release energy (usually in the form of heat)
Adenosine - ✔✔Binds to receptors in brain and causes us to be less alert;
signaling molecule
The Cell Theory - ✔✔1. Cell is the basic unit of life
2. Organism activity depends on individual and collective activities of cells.
3. Principal of complementarity; Specific subcellular structures dictate
biochemical activities.
4. Continuity of life has a cellular basis
Phospholipids - ✔✔Make up the cell membrane by forming the
phospholipid bilayer
Cholesterol - ✔✔Stabilizes the membrane and maintains fluidity; The basis
for all steroids formed in the body
Glygolipids - ✔✔Attached sugar groups
Integral Membrane Proteins - ✔✔Most transmembrane, hydrophobic, and
hydrophilic regions; Involved in transport function (channels, carriers)
Peripheral Membrane Proteins - ✔✔Not usually embedded in the lipid,
attached to integral proteins; Often enzymes and signaling proteins
2
©JOSHCLAY 2024/2025. YEAR PUBLISHED 2024.
