BSNC 3000 Module 7 – 9 questions with verified
Thermoregulation Ans✔✔-- the process of maintaining a steady internal
body temperature
Scope of thermoregulation Ans✔✔-Too cold: hypothermic
Optimal: normothermic
Too hot: hyperthermic
Importance of tight control of body temperature Ans✔✔-- optimal
functioning of enzymes and organs
Hypothalamus Ans✔✔-- brain structure that determines the
thermoregulatory set point
- considered to be the thermostat of the body
Body temperature Ans✔✔-Heat gained - heat lost
Sources of heat gain Ans✔✔-- external sources
- cell metabolism
- muscle activity
- ingestion of food
,Sources of heat loss Ans✔✔-- evaporation of sweat
- through the skin
- breathing
Cause of lower body temp in older adult Ans✔✔-- causes a decrease in
body temperature due to a decrease in metabolism (less muscle mass)
and physical activity
- causes a decrease in body temperature because a decrease in
subcutaneous fat (needed for insulation) allows for greater heat loss
through the skin
Stress Ans✔✔-- increases metabolic activity causing heat gain and an
increase in body temperature
- activates the fight-or-flight response causing vasoconstriction. This
decreases blood flow to the skin and thus heat loss.
Fever Ans✔✔-- an increase in core body temperature due to the resetting
of the thermoregulatory set point in response to the release of pyrogens
- e.g., infection, inflammation
Hyperthermia Ans✔✔-- an increase in core body temperature above
normal that exceeds the body's ability to lose heat
,- the thermoregulatory set point is unchanged
- e.g., malignant hyperthermia, PSR
Hypothermia Ans✔✔-- a decrease in core body temperature below
normal that exceeds the body's ability to gain heat
- the thermoregulatory set point is unchanged
- e.g., heat loss during surgery (open body cavity, effect of anaesthesia,
OR room temp), therapeutic hypothermia)
Pyrogens Ans✔✔-- fever causing substances
- can be exogenous or endogenous
Exogenous pyrogens Ans✔✔-- endotoxins released from bacterial cell
walls (e.g., lipopolysaccharides)
- act indirectly by stimulating the release of endogenous pyrogens
Endogenous pyrogens Ans✔✔-- cytokines (e.g., IL-1, TNF-a) released
from macrophages and blood leukocytes
, Physiology of fever Ans✔✔-- endogenous pyrogens (fever producing
cytokines) enter the circulation and travel to the brain)
- stimulate the synthesis of PGE2 by endothelial cells close to the
hypothalamus
- PGE2 acts on the hypothalamus to reset the thermoregulatory set point
to a higher temperature
Stage 1 Chill phase (stages of a fever) Ans✔✔-- mechanisms are
activated to increase body temp to a new set point
- shivering, vasoconstriction
Autonomic responses (that increase body temp during chill phase)
Ans✔✔-Increase Heat Gain
- increase cell metabolism (epinephrine is released)
- increase muscle activity (skeletal muscle contraction (shivering)
generates heat)
Decrease Heat Loss
- vasoconstriction diverts blood to the core
Behavioural responses (that increase body temp during chill phase)
Ans✔✔-Increase Heat Gain
- external sources: turn up the heat, warm fluids
Thermoregulation Ans✔✔-- the process of maintaining a steady internal
body temperature
Scope of thermoregulation Ans✔✔-Too cold: hypothermic
Optimal: normothermic
Too hot: hyperthermic
Importance of tight control of body temperature Ans✔✔-- optimal
functioning of enzymes and organs
Hypothalamus Ans✔✔-- brain structure that determines the
thermoregulatory set point
- considered to be the thermostat of the body
Body temperature Ans✔✔-Heat gained - heat lost
Sources of heat gain Ans✔✔-- external sources
- cell metabolism
- muscle activity
- ingestion of food
,Sources of heat loss Ans✔✔-- evaporation of sweat
- through the skin
- breathing
Cause of lower body temp in older adult Ans✔✔-- causes a decrease in
body temperature due to a decrease in metabolism (less muscle mass)
and physical activity
- causes a decrease in body temperature because a decrease in
subcutaneous fat (needed for insulation) allows for greater heat loss
through the skin
Stress Ans✔✔-- increases metabolic activity causing heat gain and an
increase in body temperature
- activates the fight-or-flight response causing vasoconstriction. This
decreases blood flow to the skin and thus heat loss.
Fever Ans✔✔-- an increase in core body temperature due to the resetting
of the thermoregulatory set point in response to the release of pyrogens
- e.g., infection, inflammation
Hyperthermia Ans✔✔-- an increase in core body temperature above
normal that exceeds the body's ability to lose heat
,- the thermoregulatory set point is unchanged
- e.g., malignant hyperthermia, PSR
Hypothermia Ans✔✔-- a decrease in core body temperature below
normal that exceeds the body's ability to gain heat
- the thermoregulatory set point is unchanged
- e.g., heat loss during surgery (open body cavity, effect of anaesthesia,
OR room temp), therapeutic hypothermia)
Pyrogens Ans✔✔-- fever causing substances
- can be exogenous or endogenous
Exogenous pyrogens Ans✔✔-- endotoxins released from bacterial cell
walls (e.g., lipopolysaccharides)
- act indirectly by stimulating the release of endogenous pyrogens
Endogenous pyrogens Ans✔✔-- cytokines (e.g., IL-1, TNF-a) released
from macrophages and blood leukocytes
, Physiology of fever Ans✔✔-- endogenous pyrogens (fever producing
cytokines) enter the circulation and travel to the brain)
- stimulate the synthesis of PGE2 by endothelial cells close to the
hypothalamus
- PGE2 acts on the hypothalamus to reset the thermoregulatory set point
to a higher temperature
Stage 1 Chill phase (stages of a fever) Ans✔✔-- mechanisms are
activated to increase body temp to a new set point
- shivering, vasoconstriction
Autonomic responses (that increase body temp during chill phase)
Ans✔✔-Increase Heat Gain
- increase cell metabolism (epinephrine is released)
- increase muscle activity (skeletal muscle contraction (shivering)
generates heat)
Decrease Heat Loss
- vasoconstriction diverts blood to the core
Behavioural responses (that increase body temp during chill phase)
Ans✔✔-Increase Heat Gain
- external sources: turn up the heat, warm fluids
