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JANEWAY'S IMMUNOBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION
CHAPTER 1 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS 2025-2026 (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) ||ALREADY GRADED A+||NEWEST
VERSION
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) ANS: disease caused by infection with
the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). It occurs when an infected patient has lost most
of his or her CD4 T cells, so that infections with opportunistic pathogens occur.
adaptive immunity ANS: Immunity to infection conferred by an adaptive immune
response.
adenoids ANS: Paired mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues located in the nasal cavity.
adjuvant ANS: Any substance that enhances the immune response to an antigen with
which it is mixed.
afferent lymphatic vessels ANS: Vessels of the lymphatic system that drain extracellular
fluid from the tissues and carry antigen, macrophages, and dendritic cells from sites of
infection to lymph nodes or other peripheral lymphoid organs.
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affinity maturation ANS: The increase in affinity for their specific antigen of the
antibodies produced as an adaptive immune response progresses. This phenomenon is
particularly prominent in secondary and subsequent immunizations.
allergy ANS: The state in which a symptomatic immune reaction is made to a normally
innocuous environmental antigen. It involves the interaction between the antigen and
antibody or primed T cells produced by earlier exposure to the same antigen.
allograft rejection ANS: The immunologically mediated rejection of grafted tissues or
organs from a genetically nonidentical donor. It is due chiefly to recognition of nonself MHC
molecules on the graft.
anergy ANS: A state of nonresponsiveness to antigen. People are said to be in this
state when they cannot mount delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to a test antigen,
whereas T cells and B cells are said to be in this state when they cannot respond to their
specific antigen under optimal conditions of stimulation.
antibody ANS: A protein that binds specifically to a particular substance—called its
antigen. Each of these proteins has a unique structure that enables it to bind specifically to
its corresponding antigen, but all of these proteins have the same overall structure. These
proteins are produced by differentiated B cells (plasma cells) in response to infection or
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immunization, and bind to and neutralize pathogens or prepare them for uptake and
destruction by phagocytes.
antigen ANS: Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or generate
peptide fragments that are recognized by a T-cell receptor.
antigen-binding site ANS: The site at the tip of each arm of an antibody that makes
physical contact with the antigen through the means of a noncovalent interaction. The
antigen specificity of the site is determined by its shape and the amino acids present.
antigenic determinant ANS: That portion of an antigenic molecule that is bound by the
antigen-binding site of a given antibody or antigen receptor; it is also known as an epitope.
antigen-presenting cells (APCs) ANS: Highly specialized cells that can process antigens
and display their peptide fragments on the cell surface together with other, co-stimulatory,
proteins required for activating naive T cells. Some examples of these cells include dendritic
cells, macrophages, and B cells.
antigen receptor ANS: The cell-surface receptor by which lymphocytes recognize
antigen. Each individual lymphocyte bears receptors of a single antigen specificity.
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4
antimicrobial peptides, antimicrobial proteins ANS: Amphipathic peptides or proteins
secreted by epithelial cells and phagocytes that kill a variety of microbes nonspecifically,
mainly by disrupting cell membranes. Examples of these amphipathic peptides or proteins in
humans include the defensins, the cathelicidins, the histatins, and RegIIIγ.
antiserum ANS: The fluid component of clotted blood from an immune individual that
contains antibodies against the antigen used for immunization. This component contains a
mixture of different antibodies that all bind the antigen, but which each have a different
structure, their own epitope on the antigen, and their own set of cross-reactions.
apoptosis ANS: A form of cell death common in the immune system, in which the cell
activates an internal death program. It is characterized by nuclear DNA degradation, nuclear
degeneration and condensation, and the rapid phagocytosis of cell remains. Proliferating
lymphocytes experience high rates of this form of cell death during their development and
during immune responses.
appendix ANS: A gut-associated lymphoid tissue located at the beginning of the colon.
autoimmune disease ANS: Disease in which the pathology is caused by adaptive
immune responses to self antigens.
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1
JANEWAY'S IMMUNOBIOLOGY 9TH EDITION
CHAPTER 1 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS 2025-2026 (VERIFIED
ANSWERS) ||ALREADY GRADED A+||NEWEST
VERSION
acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) ANS: disease caused by infection with
the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1). It occurs when an infected patient has lost most
of his or her CD4 T cells, so that infections with opportunistic pathogens occur.
adaptive immunity ANS: Immunity to infection conferred by an adaptive immune
response.
adenoids ANS: Paired mucosa-associated lymphoid tissues located in the nasal cavity.
adjuvant ANS: Any substance that enhances the immune response to an antigen with
which it is mixed.
afferent lymphatic vessels ANS: Vessels of the lymphatic system that drain extracellular
fluid from the tissues and carry antigen, macrophages, and dendritic cells from sites of
infection to lymph nodes or other peripheral lymphoid organs.
o
o
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© 2024 TestTrackers o Resources & Updates: [Testtrackers - Stuvia US]
o Customer Support: o Your Success is Our Mission!
[+254707240657]
, Testtrackers
2
affinity maturation ANS: The increase in affinity for their specific antigen of the
antibodies produced as an adaptive immune response progresses. This phenomenon is
particularly prominent in secondary and subsequent immunizations.
allergy ANS: The state in which a symptomatic immune reaction is made to a normally
innocuous environmental antigen. It involves the interaction between the antigen and
antibody or primed T cells produced by earlier exposure to the same antigen.
allograft rejection ANS: The immunologically mediated rejection of grafted tissues or
organs from a genetically nonidentical donor. It is due chiefly to recognition of nonself MHC
molecules on the graft.
anergy ANS: A state of nonresponsiveness to antigen. People are said to be in this
state when they cannot mount delayed-type hypersensitivity reactions to a test antigen,
whereas T cells and B cells are said to be in this state when they cannot respond to their
specific antigen under optimal conditions of stimulation.
antibody ANS: A protein that binds specifically to a particular substance—called its
antigen. Each of these proteins has a unique structure that enables it to bind specifically to
its corresponding antigen, but all of these proteins have the same overall structure. These
proteins are produced by differentiated B cells (plasma cells) in response to infection or
o
o
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© 2024 TestTrackers o Resources & Updates: [Testtrackers - Stuvia US]
o Customer Support: o Your Success is Our Mission!
[+254707240657]
, Testtrackers
3
immunization, and bind to and neutralize pathogens or prepare them for uptake and
destruction by phagocytes.
antigen ANS: Any molecule that can bind specifically to an antibody or generate
peptide fragments that are recognized by a T-cell receptor.
antigen-binding site ANS: The site at the tip of each arm of an antibody that makes
physical contact with the antigen through the means of a noncovalent interaction. The
antigen specificity of the site is determined by its shape and the amino acids present.
antigenic determinant ANS: That portion of an antigenic molecule that is bound by the
antigen-binding site of a given antibody or antigen receptor; it is also known as an epitope.
antigen-presenting cells (APCs) ANS: Highly specialized cells that can process antigens
and display their peptide fragments on the cell surface together with other, co-stimulatory,
proteins required for activating naive T cells. Some examples of these cells include dendritic
cells, macrophages, and B cells.
antigen receptor ANS: The cell-surface receptor by which lymphocytes recognize
antigen. Each individual lymphocyte bears receptors of a single antigen specificity.
o
o
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© 2024 TestTrackers o Resources & Updates: [Testtrackers - Stuvia US]
o Customer Support: o Your Success is Our Mission!
[+254707240657]
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4
antimicrobial peptides, antimicrobial proteins ANS: Amphipathic peptides or proteins
secreted by epithelial cells and phagocytes that kill a variety of microbes nonspecifically,
mainly by disrupting cell membranes. Examples of these amphipathic peptides or proteins in
humans include the defensins, the cathelicidins, the histatins, and RegIIIγ.
antiserum ANS: The fluid component of clotted blood from an immune individual that
contains antibodies against the antigen used for immunization. This component contains a
mixture of different antibodies that all bind the antigen, but which each have a different
structure, their own epitope on the antigen, and their own set of cross-reactions.
apoptosis ANS: A form of cell death common in the immune system, in which the cell
activates an internal death program. It is characterized by nuclear DNA degradation, nuclear
degeneration and condensation, and the rapid phagocytosis of cell remains. Proliferating
lymphocytes experience high rates of this form of cell death during their development and
during immune responses.
appendix ANS: A gut-associated lymphoid tissue located at the beginning of the colon.
autoimmune disease ANS: Disease in which the pathology is caused by adaptive
immune responses to self antigens.
o
o
Thank You for Choosing Us!
© 2024 TestTrackers o Resources & Updates: [Testtrackers - Stuvia US]
o Customer Support: o Your Success is Our Mission!
[+254707240657]
