FRHD 3070 MIDTERM 2 EXAM QUESTIONS AND
CORRECT ANSWERS
Define measurement - Answer Sequences of steps or procedures that a researcher
follows to obtain a measurement
continuous variable
A variable (such as age, test score, or height) that can take on a wide or infinite number
of values.
categorical variable
places an individual into one of several groups or categories
- participants choose a category
- often comes from closed questions on a survey
What are 3 operational definitions of physical health - Answer - sensing auras
- thermometer
- physician check-up
What is the formula for observed score? - Answer True score (how much knowledge
exists within you) + systematic error (constant) + random error
You want to ______________ true score and ____________ error - Answer Maximize;
minimize
What are the 3 components of a variable? - Answer - construct of interest
- constructs of disinterest
,- random errors
Low levels of measurement = ?
High levels of measurement = ? - Answer Low = less sophistication
High = more sophistication
Explain nominal measures. What is an example of a nominal measurement? - Answer
Measures indicate only that there is a difference among categories
- brand of cigarettes you use
- religion
Explain ordinal measures. Give an example. - Answer Measures indicate only that there
is a difference among categories and they can be ranked/ordered
- labelling someone based on their answer = non-smoker, smoker, occasional, etc.
- attendance, letter grades
Define interval measurements. What is an example of an interval measurement? -
Answer Measures indicate everything that nominal and ordinal do and they can specify
the amount of distance between the categories
- number of cigarettes
- IQ score, temperature
Explain ratio measures. Give an example. - Answer There is a true 0, which makes it
possible to state relations in terms of proportion or ratios
- age, income, years of schooling
No correlation is close to _______ - Answer 0
What is a positive correlation? - Answer Both variables increase, or both variables
,decrease
What is a negative correlation? - Answer The variables move in opposite directions
What is reliability? - Answer Degree to which observed scores are free from errors of
measurement
What is the test-retest? - Answer Looking at the stability of a concept over time (0.7)
- measuring people twice
How do you inflate a high correlation? - Answer Condense the time period
What is split half reliability? - Answer Split the questionnaire in half through computer
software, and then correlate them
What is a common way to do split half reliability? - Answer Odd vs. even (2,4,6 vs. 1,3,5)
What is internal consistency reliability? - Answer - item homogeneity
- Cronbach's alpha
- want at least 0.70
What happens when Cronbach's alpha is too high? - Answer You have redundant items
What is Cronbach's alpha? - Answer Based on correlation, it gives a number of the alpha
and you can determine if it has good reliability
What is inter-rater reliability? - Answer Consistency among different observers using the
same instrument
ex. gymnastics judging
, What is validity? - Answer The extent to which a measure reflects only the desired
construct, without contamination from other systematically-varying constructs
- how truthful scores are
Construct validity is an _____________ term - Answer Umbrella
Define face validity - Answer Notion that you get a group of experts/judges and they look
at your findings and they will determine the face value of your construct
- objective
- ensure you have items that reflect your concept
- make sure measure relates to research attitudes
Define content validity - Answer Determine if your measure represents all the
content/subdomains that you're interested in
- measures represent all content areas
- make sure it hits on all things explained in definitions
Give an example of content validity - Answer Muscle dysmorphia
- pharmacological use, supplement use, dietary behaviours, drive for body size,
physique protection, exercise dependence
- if I am developing an instrument to measure this, you must touch all of the above
What is criterion validity? - Answer Concurrent
- Giving the measure at the same time you collect the criteria score
Give an example of predictive validity - Answer Examining if the SAT's given in high
school are a sign of college performance
CORRECT ANSWERS
Define measurement - Answer Sequences of steps or procedures that a researcher
follows to obtain a measurement
continuous variable
A variable (such as age, test score, or height) that can take on a wide or infinite number
of values.
categorical variable
places an individual into one of several groups or categories
- participants choose a category
- often comes from closed questions on a survey
What are 3 operational definitions of physical health - Answer - sensing auras
- thermometer
- physician check-up
What is the formula for observed score? - Answer True score (how much knowledge
exists within you) + systematic error (constant) + random error
You want to ______________ true score and ____________ error - Answer Maximize;
minimize
What are the 3 components of a variable? - Answer - construct of interest
- constructs of disinterest
,- random errors
Low levels of measurement = ?
High levels of measurement = ? - Answer Low = less sophistication
High = more sophistication
Explain nominal measures. What is an example of a nominal measurement? - Answer
Measures indicate only that there is a difference among categories
- brand of cigarettes you use
- religion
Explain ordinal measures. Give an example. - Answer Measures indicate only that there
is a difference among categories and they can be ranked/ordered
- labelling someone based on their answer = non-smoker, smoker, occasional, etc.
- attendance, letter grades
Define interval measurements. What is an example of an interval measurement? -
Answer Measures indicate everything that nominal and ordinal do and they can specify
the amount of distance between the categories
- number of cigarettes
- IQ score, temperature
Explain ratio measures. Give an example. - Answer There is a true 0, which makes it
possible to state relations in terms of proportion or ratios
- age, income, years of schooling
No correlation is close to _______ - Answer 0
What is a positive correlation? - Answer Both variables increase, or both variables
,decrease
What is a negative correlation? - Answer The variables move in opposite directions
What is reliability? - Answer Degree to which observed scores are free from errors of
measurement
What is the test-retest? - Answer Looking at the stability of a concept over time (0.7)
- measuring people twice
How do you inflate a high correlation? - Answer Condense the time period
What is split half reliability? - Answer Split the questionnaire in half through computer
software, and then correlate them
What is a common way to do split half reliability? - Answer Odd vs. even (2,4,6 vs. 1,3,5)
What is internal consistency reliability? - Answer - item homogeneity
- Cronbach's alpha
- want at least 0.70
What happens when Cronbach's alpha is too high? - Answer You have redundant items
What is Cronbach's alpha? - Answer Based on correlation, it gives a number of the alpha
and you can determine if it has good reliability
What is inter-rater reliability? - Answer Consistency among different observers using the
same instrument
ex. gymnastics judging
, What is validity? - Answer The extent to which a measure reflects only the desired
construct, without contamination from other systematically-varying constructs
- how truthful scores are
Construct validity is an _____________ term - Answer Umbrella
Define face validity - Answer Notion that you get a group of experts/judges and they look
at your findings and they will determine the face value of your construct
- objective
- ensure you have items that reflect your concept
- make sure measure relates to research attitudes
Define content validity - Answer Determine if your measure represents all the
content/subdomains that you're interested in
- measures represent all content areas
- make sure it hits on all things explained in definitions
Give an example of content validity - Answer Muscle dysmorphia
- pharmacological use, supplement use, dietary behaviours, drive for body size,
physique protection, exercise dependence
- if I am developing an instrument to measure this, you must touch all of the above
What is criterion validity? - Answer Concurrent
- Giving the measure at the same time you collect the criteria score
Give an example of predictive validity - Answer Examining if the SAT's given in high
school are a sign of college performance
