NUTRITION 331 Final Exam Questions with Complete Answers Already Passed

NUTRITION 331 Final Exam Questions with Complete Answers Already Passed Nutrition - Answers The study of the nutrients and other biologically active compounds in foods and the body. Sometimes also the study of human behaviours related to foods 6 major classes of nutrients - Answers carbs, fats, proteins, vitamins, minerals, water Macronutrients - Answers carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Energy yielding nutrients Micronutrients - Answers vitamins and minerals needed in small amounts methods of assessing nutritional status - Answers Persons diet, anthropometric measures, physical examination, lab test, food diary, diet history, 24 hour food recall, food frequency Persons diet - Answers history recorded including medical history and socioeconomic history anthropometric measurements - Answers Measurements or estimates of physical aspects of the body such as height, weight, circumferences, and body composition. physical examination - Answers hair, eyes, skin, tongue, fingernails, and posture. provides evidence of deficiencies, toxicity status and imbalances lab tests - Answers taking samples of urine, or blood and analyzing them. Can detect early stages of malnutrition that is not obvious. Cannot tell if it is dietary related diet history - Answers to assess an individuals eating habits or usual food intake. A diet history can reveal socioeconomic and cultural influences, food intolerances, food likes and dislikes, seasonal variation in intakes appetite and taste changes, physical disabilities food diary - Answers Individual keeps diary with detailed information about the foods eaten (amount and method of preparation) 24 hour recall - Answers listing the types, amounts, and preparation of all foods eaten in the past 24 hours. Commonly used in research study to determine typical food and nutrients intake It is not a practical tool for assessing an individual's diet to determine potential nutritional deficiencies food frequency - Answers Widely used in epidemiological studies studies track the diet consumption of a large group of people Includes how often a particular food or type of food is consumed during a specified period of time,day and week Typical question for food frequency is "how often you consume broccoli? Uses of Food Composition Databases - Answers 1. Determining the amount of nutrients a person or groups of people are consuming 2. Identify foods which tend to be high or low in specific nutrients Limitations of food composition databases - Answers -Several nutrients are not included in food composition tables fatty acids and trace minerals such as iodine -Not all foods have been tested for all nutrients, so many have missing values many fast foods are missing Vitamin B and minerals -The calculated amount of a nutrient in a given food should not be assumed to be completely absorbed by the body; certain factors can enhance or inhibit the absorption of nutrients -Mixed dishes, such as soups, stews, and casseroles, may vary widely in nutrient composition -Canadian and American have different food analysis especially for vitamin A and D and laos for iron in breakfast cereals intervention studies - Answers Randomized Control Trial (RCT) -2 groups are involved are intervention groups and controlled groups -Placebo effect: giving a substance to people and they feel better when the substance giving to the participants is fake Test groups must be large enough to reduce effect of random chance influences Help prevent bias2 Groups are compared at start to make sure they are similar with respect to study Double Blind study Both patient and investigator are blind to weather subjects are receiving an active treatment Uncontrolled study:without inclusion of controlled group much less reliable Can be carried out on healthy subjects with aim of preventing disease on sick people to test a treatment. This type of intervention study is known as clinical study cause and effect relationship anecdotal evidence - Answers Simple and least reliable avenue for studying the role of diet in disease. The investigator makes inferences from the experiences of one or more individuals CASE STUDY. -This evidence can lead to a good conclusion because there in cases where there are several reports of unusual conditions -*(same as above) Anecdotal evidence can lead to a reliable conclusion because there are in cases where they are many similar reports describing an unusual condition advantages and disadvantages of anecdotal evidence - Answers Advantage: is that completely new and previously unsuspected relationships can be discovered side effects from new drugs, for example are often uncovered when many reports are based on individual patients are collated and distinctive pattern emerges -Disadvantages: inherent unreliability; all types of errors can occur First there is chance Bias in the observation as a result of the power of suggestion, people are often unreliable in describing their symptoms, particularly in the case of such symptoms as headaches and vague pains Further study, seldom the basis for firm conclusions Epidemiology - Answers The study of the incidence and distribution of diseases, and of their control and prevention. Researchers observe what they do and whether they develop diseases 4 types of epidemiological studies - Answers population, historical, case control, cohort population study - Answers Mediterranean diet; found this way Population studies compare disease patterns with various factors, including food consumption on a country-wide basis Errors in data and cofounding variables Confounding variables occur with the factors under study and may mask the real cause of the disease. Quite easy for confounding variables to be the culprit instead of the identified factor The 2 factors are associated does not mean that one caused the other. Only intervention trials demonstrate causality (or cause and effect) historical study - Answers Historical studies are useful when there are accurate records available of the number of people who have died from of have specific health problems -Best compared with population studies. -Have the advantages of being based on large populations and they often involve large or even massive changes in disease incidence. However, disease stats collected 60 years or more ago can often be useless. -Disadvantage is that confounding variables often give rise to spurious relationships. Thus, there is the ever present danger of guilt by association. ex: any disease that has increased incidence in the 20th century will be correlated with any lifestyle factors varied as television, cars, sugar and soft margarine -association between factors, but it is not definitively conclusive. We can use historical evidence as one more clue to support a theory case control study - Answers -recruitment of subjects and data collection are done after the disease has developed. 2 groups are conducted one is people suffering from the disease of interest and the other is controlled group free of the disease. As the data are collected after the disease has developed, case control studies are sometimes known as retrospective studies cohort study - Answers also known as the prospective study -monitors them overtime subjects are in good health Keeps track until enough of them develops the disease -Then compare who got the disease and who didn't ex: Nurses were asked questions then were asked the same questions 10 years later and see who got the disease such as lung cancer -They are questioned or examined to determine each person's exposure to the particular factors under study One rule that applies to all epidemiological studies - Answers they show association, not causation. we conclude by saying that diet factor A is associated with disease B, but we cannot say that diet factor A causes disease B what studies help move from association to causation - Answers intervention studies Animal experiments - Answers Strictly government related -Advantage: is animal study can be controlled because of the environment and diet are carefully controlled -Animal experiments allow toxic chemicals Ex: Feed animals very high fat diets to determine effects on arteries -Disadvantage: Experiments on animals won't have same effect to humans Ex: Most cancer involves humans and animals but 10% do not-Examine the biochemical and physiological mechanisms that lie behind the disease 5 Best Feature for a well-designed Study - Answers 1.Observation and Question -Identify a problem to be solved or ask a specific question to be answered 2.Hypothesis and Prediction -Formulate a hypothesis - a tentative solution to the problem or answer to the question and make a prediction that can be tested 3.Experiment -Design a study and conduct the research to collect relevant data 4.Results and Interpretation