Writing Linking words Function Linking words used Examples
Giving …….For example,…. I like food very much. For example, I like pizza, tagin, and
I. Use: Examples …….For instance,….. couscous.
we use linking words to link or connect ideas, sentences or paragraphs. Linking words have different …….such as…… I like food very much. For instance, I like pizza, tagin, and
functions such as addition, concession, purpose, contrast, cause and effect etc. couscous.
Example: -Ahmad is a smart student. Ahmad is polite. I like food a lot such as pizza, tagin, and couscous.
-Ahmad is a smart student and he is polite. …First,…Second,……Third,…… I do different activities after school. When I finish school,
II. Some functions of linking words List ideas …..Finally, ….. I go back to home. First, I prepare something to eat. Second, I
in order of ……Next,…… take a short nap. Next, I watch Tv a little bit. Finally, I hang
Function Linking words used Examples time …..then…. out with my friends until 10 pm.
-And -Ali plays football, and he plays basketball. …Last, …….
- Besides,…/Also,…. -Ali plays football. Besides, he plays basketball. …..Subsequently,…….
Addition -……..Too/ as well -Ali plays football. He plays basketball too.
- …not only………but….also… -Ali not only plays football but he also plays basketball. Concluding ….In short,……. Internet is useful for many reasons. First of all, we can use it
-Moreover,…… -Ali plays football. Furthermore, he plays basketball. …In brief,…….. in studying. In addition, it is time consuming when it comes
-Furthermore,……… -Ali plays football. Additionally, he plays basketball. …To conclude,……. to making research. Internet is easy to use as well. To
- In addition,……. …To summarize,……. conclude, internet is an important tool to have.
-Additionally,……… …All in all,…..
……to……….. -Students study hard to pass the exam A. Task: Rewrite the following sentences using the linking words given.
Purpose ..in order (not) to.. + infinitive -Students study hard in order to pass the exam.
….so as (not) to…… -Students study hard so as to pass the exam. 1. My friend is very intelligent boy. He is hard working. (moreover)
…….for….. + (not) gerund/noun -Students study hard for passing the exam. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…so that..+ sub+ can/could+ inf -Students study hard so that they can pass the exam. 2. Jack works in a bank. He works in a school. (In addition)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The report is badly written. It is not very accurate. (Besides)
...Because… -We stayed at home yesterday because there was heavy rain. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Cause/ …since… + clause -Because there was heavy rain, we stayed at home yesterday. 4. The government built many schools in rural areas. Many women are still illiterate. (However)
Reason …as…. -We stayed at home yesterday since there was heavy rain. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…Because of.. -We stayed at home yesterday because of heavy rain. 5. The internet has many disadvantages. Teenagers still use it a lot. (But)
…due to… + (not) gerund/ -Because of heavy rain, we stayed at home yesterday. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…thanks to … noun -We stayed at home yesterday due to heavy rain. 6. Many people refused to buy milk in Morocco. The government did not respond to people. (Although)
…owing to… -I had a good grade in English thanks to revising my lessons. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. John works day and night. He does not save much money for himself. (Despite)
Effect/ …..So, ………… I was working. So, I didn’t watch the game. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. African countries make a great effort to reduce illiteracy. Many people are still illiterate. (in spite of)
result ……Therefore, …… I was working. Therefore, I didn’t watch the game.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….As a consequence, I was working. As a consequence, I didn’t watch the game. 9. Many students did not come to the school. The weather was very bad. (as a result)
………… I was working. As a result, I didn’t watch the game. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……Consequently, ……… I was working. Thus, I didn’t watch the game. 10. Many people don't have good jobs in African countries. They emigrate to Europe. (therefore)
…….As a result,…………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……Thus,……….. 11. The criminal robbed so much money from the local bank. The police arrested him immediately. (consequently)
……..Hence,…………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….,but……. We have failed many times, but we still keep trying. 12.The criminal robbed the bank. The police arrested him. (because)
Concession …..,yet….. We have failed many times, yet we still keep trying. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..However, ……. We have failed many times. However, we still keep trying. 13. People don't have high paying jobs. They emigrate abroad. (because)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Contrast ….Nevertheless,….. We have failed many times. Nevertheless, we still keep trying.
14. Ahmed went to the cafe. He wants to watch UCL games. (so as to)
Although………., Although we have failed many times, we still keep trying. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Even though…., Even though we have failed many times, we still keep trying. 15. Mr. White works every day. He wants to save some money. (in order to)
Despite…… + gerund/ noun In spite of failing many times, we still keep trying. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
In spite of… the fact that… Despite the fact that we have failed many times, we still keep 16. You should concentrate well. Don't make mistakes in your exam. (so as not to)
…..while/whereas…… trying ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
He likes going to parties whereas I prefer somewhere quiet. 17. Edward should wake up early. He wants to come on time to the meeting. (to)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Giving …….For example,…. I like food very much. For example, I like pizza, tagin, and
I. Use: Examples …….For instance,….. couscous.
we use linking words to link or connect ideas, sentences or paragraphs. Linking words have different …….such as…… I like food very much. For instance, I like pizza, tagin, and
functions such as addition, concession, purpose, contrast, cause and effect etc. couscous.
Example: -Ahmad is a smart student. Ahmad is polite. I like food a lot such as pizza, tagin, and couscous.
-Ahmad is a smart student and he is polite. …First,…Second,……Third,…… I do different activities after school. When I finish school,
II. Some functions of linking words List ideas …..Finally, ….. I go back to home. First, I prepare something to eat. Second, I
in order of ……Next,…… take a short nap. Next, I watch Tv a little bit. Finally, I hang
Function Linking words used Examples time …..then…. out with my friends until 10 pm.
-And -Ali plays football, and he plays basketball. …Last, …….
- Besides,…/Also,…. -Ali plays football. Besides, he plays basketball. …..Subsequently,…….
Addition -……..Too/ as well -Ali plays football. He plays basketball too.
- …not only………but….also… -Ali not only plays football but he also plays basketball. Concluding ….In short,……. Internet is useful for many reasons. First of all, we can use it
-Moreover,…… -Ali plays football. Furthermore, he plays basketball. …In brief,…….. in studying. In addition, it is time consuming when it comes
-Furthermore,……… -Ali plays football. Additionally, he plays basketball. …To conclude,……. to making research. Internet is easy to use as well. To
- In addition,……. …To summarize,……. conclude, internet is an important tool to have.
-Additionally,……… …All in all,…..
……to……….. -Students study hard to pass the exam A. Task: Rewrite the following sentences using the linking words given.
Purpose ..in order (not) to.. + infinitive -Students study hard in order to pass the exam.
….so as (not) to…… -Students study hard so as to pass the exam. 1. My friend is very intelligent boy. He is hard working. (moreover)
…….for….. + (not) gerund/noun -Students study hard for passing the exam. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…so that..+ sub+ can/could+ inf -Students study hard so that they can pass the exam. 2. Jack works in a bank. He works in a school. (In addition)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
3. The report is badly written. It is not very accurate. (Besides)
...Because… -We stayed at home yesterday because there was heavy rain. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Cause/ …since… + clause -Because there was heavy rain, we stayed at home yesterday. 4. The government built many schools in rural areas. Many women are still illiterate. (However)
Reason …as…. -We stayed at home yesterday since there was heavy rain. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…Because of.. -We stayed at home yesterday because of heavy rain. 5. The internet has many disadvantages. Teenagers still use it a lot. (But)
…due to… + (not) gerund/ -Because of heavy rain, we stayed at home yesterday. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…thanks to … noun -We stayed at home yesterday due to heavy rain. 6. Many people refused to buy milk in Morocco. The government did not respond to people. (Although)
…owing to… -I had a good grade in English thanks to revising my lessons. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
7. John works day and night. He does not save much money for himself. (Despite)
Effect/ …..So, ………… I was working. So, I didn’t watch the game. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
8. African countries make a great effort to reduce illiteracy. Many people are still illiterate. (in spite of)
result ……Therefore, …… I was working. Therefore, I didn’t watch the game.
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…….As a consequence, I was working. As a consequence, I didn’t watch the game. 9. Many students did not come to the school. The weather was very bad. (as a result)
………… I was working. As a result, I didn’t watch the game. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……Consequently, ……… I was working. Thus, I didn’t watch the game. 10. Many people don't have good jobs in African countries. They emigrate to Europe. (therefore)
…….As a result,…………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
……Thus,……….. 11. The criminal robbed so much money from the local bank. The police arrested him immediately. (consequently)
……..Hence,…………. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
….,but……. We have failed many times, but we still keep trying. 12.The criminal robbed the bank. The police arrested him. (because)
Concession …..,yet….. We have failed many times, yet we still keep trying. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…..However, ……. We have failed many times. However, we still keep trying. 13. People don't have high paying jobs. They emigrate abroad. (because)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Contrast ….Nevertheless,….. We have failed many times. Nevertheless, we still keep trying.
14. Ahmed went to the cafe. He wants to watch UCL games. (so as to)
Although………., Although we have failed many times, we still keep trying. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
Even though…., Even though we have failed many times, we still keep trying. 15. Mr. White works every day. He wants to save some money. (in order to)
Despite…… + gerund/ noun In spite of failing many times, we still keep trying. ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
In spite of… the fact that… Despite the fact that we have failed many times, we still keep 16. You should concentrate well. Don't make mistakes in your exam. (so as not to)
…..while/whereas…… trying ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
He likes going to parties whereas I prefer somewhere quiet. 17. Edward should wake up early. He wants to come on time to the meeting. (to)
……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
