Intro to Statistics Final Exam with answers
2025
Population - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔a collection of persons, things, or objects under
study.
Sample - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔selecting a portion (or subset) of the larger portion
Parameter - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔A numerical characteristic of the whole
population that can be estimated by a statistic.
Ex: we consider all math classes to be the population, so the average number of points
earned per student over all math classes is a parameter.
Statistic - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔A number that represents a property of the
sample.
Ex: if we consider one math class to be the sample of the population of all the math classes,
then the average number of points earned by a student in that one math class at the end of
the term is an example of a statistic.
Variable - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔usually letters x and y, is a characteristic or
measurement that can be determined for each number of the population
Numerical variable: takes on a value with equal units such as weights in pounds and time in
hours.
,Categorical variable: place the person or thing into a category (ex: party affiliation, gender,
gpa).
Data - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔the actual values of the variable
What are the levels of measurement? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔Nominal: no
numerical value or order (names, labels, categories)
Ordinal: usually no numerical value, but there is an order, however, the differences between
the data are meaningless (small, medium, large)
Interval: data can be ordered, and differences are meaningful
Ratio: can be ordered, differences are meaningful, and zero corresponds to none of the
values (0 is a measurement)
simple random sample - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔each sample of the sample size has
an equal chance of being selected; simple random sample from the entire population
Stratified Sampling - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔Divide the entire population into
distinct subgroups called strata. The strata are based on a specific characteristic such as age,
income, education level, and so on. All members of a stratum share the specific
characteristic. Draw random samples from each stratum.
Cluster Sampling - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔Divide the entire population into pre-
existing segments or clusters. The clusters are often geographic. Make a random selection of
clusters. Include every member of each selected cluster in the sample. Randomly select
some cluster.
Systematic Sampling - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔randomly select a starting point and
take every nth piece of data from a listing of the population
, Multistage Sampling - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔Use a variety of sampling methods to
create successively smaller groups at each stage. The final sample consists of clusters.
Convenience Sampling - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔Involves selecting participants
who are readily available without any attempt to make the sample representative of a
population.
Midpoint - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔A point that divides a segment into two
congruent segments
lower boundary + upper boundary
__________________________________________________ = midpoint
2
Class Width - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔the distance between lower (or upper) limits
of consecutive classes
largest data value - smallest data value
________________________________________________________ = class width
desired number of classes
Frequency Table - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔efficiently displays data. Organizes data
into classes and list the number of data points in each class; classes with 0 occurrences are
also listed
Class Limit - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔First find class width, then add that to the
smallest data value, and keep adding it until you get to the highest data value. (ex: if the
smallest data value is 36, and the class width is 13, then you would add 13 to 36, and the
2025
Population - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔a collection of persons, things, or objects under
study.
Sample - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔selecting a portion (or subset) of the larger portion
Parameter - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔A numerical characteristic of the whole
population that can be estimated by a statistic.
Ex: we consider all math classes to be the population, so the average number of points
earned per student over all math classes is a parameter.
Statistic - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔A number that represents a property of the
sample.
Ex: if we consider one math class to be the sample of the population of all the math classes,
then the average number of points earned by a student in that one math class at the end of
the term is an example of a statistic.
Variable - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔usually letters x and y, is a characteristic or
measurement that can be determined for each number of the population
Numerical variable: takes on a value with equal units such as weights in pounds and time in
hours.
,Categorical variable: place the person or thing into a category (ex: party affiliation, gender,
gpa).
Data - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔the actual values of the variable
What are the levels of measurement? - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔Nominal: no
numerical value or order (names, labels, categories)
Ordinal: usually no numerical value, but there is an order, however, the differences between
the data are meaningless (small, medium, large)
Interval: data can be ordered, and differences are meaningful
Ratio: can be ordered, differences are meaningful, and zero corresponds to none of the
values (0 is a measurement)
simple random sample - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔each sample of the sample size has
an equal chance of being selected; simple random sample from the entire population
Stratified Sampling - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔Divide the entire population into
distinct subgroups called strata. The strata are based on a specific characteristic such as age,
income, education level, and so on. All members of a stratum share the specific
characteristic. Draw random samples from each stratum.
Cluster Sampling - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔Divide the entire population into pre-
existing segments or clusters. The clusters are often geographic. Make a random selection of
clusters. Include every member of each selected cluster in the sample. Randomly select
some cluster.
Systematic Sampling - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔randomly select a starting point and
take every nth piece of data from a listing of the population
, Multistage Sampling - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔Use a variety of sampling methods to
create successively smaller groups at each stage. The final sample consists of clusters.
Convenience Sampling - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔Involves selecting participants
who are readily available without any attempt to make the sample representative of a
population.
Midpoint - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔A point that divides a segment into two
congruent segments
lower boundary + upper boundary
__________________________________________________ = midpoint
2
Class Width - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔the distance between lower (or upper) limits
of consecutive classes
largest data value - smallest data value
________________________________________________________ = class width
desired number of classes
Frequency Table - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔efficiently displays data. Organizes data
into classes and list the number of data points in each class; classes with 0 occurrences are
also listed
Class Limit - ** VERIFIED ANSWERS🔰 ✔✔First find class width, then add that to the
smallest data value, and keep adding it until you get to the highest data value. (ex: if the
smallest data value is 36, and the class width is 13, then you would add 13 to 36, and the
