INHOUD
Basisles 1: wat is psychologie? .............................................................................................................5
6 basisgebieden ...............................................................................................................................5
6 belangrijke perspectieven ..............................................................................................................5
Basisles 2: onderzoeksmethoden I ........................................................................................................6
1.3.1 stappen van de wetenschappelijke methode ........................................................................6
1.3.2 soorten psychologisch onderzoek ........................................................................................6
1.3.3 VERTEKENINGEN IN PSYCHOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK ......................................................... 11
BASISLES 4: WAARNEMING ................................................................................................................ 11
specialisatieles 1: pseudopsychologie ................................................................................................ 12
basisles 5: geheugen .......................................................................................................................... 13
basisles 7: aandacht .......................................................................................................................... 30
atkinson & shiffrin: het standaardmodel ....................................................................................... 30
wat is aandacht? ......................................................................................................................... 30
selectieve aandacht: filteren ........................................................................................................... 31
dichotische luistertaak ................................................................................................................ 31
broadbent (1958): filtertheorie ..................................................................................................... 31
cocktail-party fenomeen ............................................................................................................. 31
priming ....................................................................................................................................... 31
treisman (1960): attenuatietheorie ............................................................................................... 32
norman (1968): pertinentie .......................................................................................................... 32
neisser (1976): schemata ............................................................................................................ 32
oriënteren van aandacht ................................................................................................................. 33
spot-light model ......................................................................................................................... 33
posner (1980): spatial cueing ....................................................................................................... 34
pop-up effect .............................................................................................................................. 34
saliëntiekaart.............................................................................................................................. 35
voor- en nadelen selectieve aandacht .......................................................................................... 35
verdeelde aandacht .................................................................................................................... 35
meervoudig capaciteitsmodel ..................................................................................................... 36
specialisatieles 2: bewustzijn ............................................................................................................. 36
wat is bewustzijn? ....................................................................................................................... 37
meten van bewustzijn: common sense ......................................................................................... 38
meten van bewustzijn: gedragsmatig ........................................................................................... 38
neuropsychologisch: alertheid..................................................................................................... 39
neuropsychologisch: bewustzijn .................................................................................................. 39
1
, niveau’s van bewustzijn ............................................................................................................... 40
specialisatieles 4: denken deel 1 ........................................................................................................ 41
introductie ..................................................................................................................................... 41
bouwstenen van denken ................................................................................................................. 41
concepten .................................................................................................................................. 41
voorstellingsvermogen en cognitieve plattegronden ...................................................................... 42
schema’s & scripts ..................................................................................................................... 42
denken en de hersenen ............................................................................................................... 43
intuïtie........................................................................................................................................ 43
vaardigheden van goede denkers .................................................................................................... 43
problem solving .......................................................................................................................... 44
redeneren................................................................................................................................... 45
oordelen & beslissen ................................................................................................................... 46
s5: denken deel 2 ............................................................................................................................... 46
wanen ........................................................................................................................................... 46
denkstoornissen ......................................................................................................................... 46
wanen ........................................................................................................................................ 46
denkfouten en wanen .................................................................................................................. 47
piekeren en rumineren .................................................................................................................... 48
autobiografisch geheugen ............................................................................................................... 50
s6: taal .............................................................................................................................................. 51
kenmerken van taal ........................................................................................................................ 51
adaptieve functies van taal ............................................................................................................. 51
aspecten van taalgedrag ................................................................................................................. 51
meertaligheid ................................................................................................................................. 52
relatie taal en cognitie .................................................................................................................... 53
b8: leren en omgeving i ....................................................................................................................... 54
klassieke conditionering ................................................................................................................. 54
Terminologie............................................................................................................................... 54
appetitieve conditionering ........................................................................................................... 55
aversieve conditionering ............................................................................................................. 55
verwerving, uitdoving/extinctie en terugval ................................................................................... 55
generalisatie-discriminatie .......................................................................................................... 56
conditionering van hogere orde .................................................................................................... 56
b9: leren en omgeving ii ...................................................................................................................... 57
operante conditionering.................................................................................................................. 57
skinner box/operante ruimte ........................................................................................................ 57
2
, terminologie ............................................................................................................................... 57
shaping ...................................................................................................................................... 58
fading ......................................................................................................................................... 58
bekrachtiging .............................................................................................................................. 58
bekrachtiging en extinctie ............................................................................................................ 60
belonen vs straffen ..................................................................................................................... 60
klassieke en operante conditionering vergelijken .......................................................................... 61
toepassingen ................................................................................................................................. 61
cognitief perspectief op leren ...................................................................................................... 62
s7: motivatie en emotie ...................................................................................................................... 62
wat motiveert ons? ......................................................................................................................... 62
wat is motivatie? ......................................................................................................................... 62
individuele verschillen in motivatie .............................................................................................. 63
hoe worden motivatieprioriteiten gesteld? ....................................................................................... 64
instincttheorie ............................................................................................................................ 64
drijfveertheorie ........................................................................................................................... 64
Maslows behoeftehiërarchie ....................................................................................................... 64
nieuwe behoeftenhiërarchie ........................................................................................................ 65
honger en seksuele motivatie? ........................................................................................................ 66
honger: een biologische drijfveer & een psychologisch motief ....................................................... 66
seksuele motivatie: een impuls waar je zonder kunt ...................................................................... 66
hoe motiveren onze emoties? ......................................................................................................... 67
onderdelen van emoties .............................................................................................................. 67
wat doen emoties voor ons? ........................................................................................................ 67
aantal emoties ............................................................................................................................ 67
elementaire emoties ................................................................................................................... 68
waar komen onze emoties vandaan? ............................................................................................... 68
neurowetenschap van emoties .................................................................................................... 68
theorieën van emoties: oude controverse ..................................................................................... 69
beheersen van emoties ............................................................................................................... 69
b10: intelligentie ................................................................................................................................ 70
definitie en beschrijving .................................................................................................................. 70
CHC-model ................................................................................................................................ 71
geschiedenis .................................................................................................................................. 71
Eerste golf: kwantificatie van een algemeen niveau ....................................................................... 71
tweede golf: klinische profielanalyse ............................................................................................ 72
derde golf: psychometrische profielanalyse ................................................................................. 73
3
, vierde golf: toepassing van een theorie over intelligentiestructuur ................................................. 73
nature vs nurture ............................................................................................................................ 73
wat bepaalt intelligentie? ............................................................................................................ 73
tweeling- & adoptiestudies .......................................................................................................... 73
tweelingen geadopteerd .............................................................................................................. 74
groepsverschillen ........................................................................................................................... 75
generatieverschillen: flynn-effect ................................................................................................. 75
b11: monitoraatsles ........................................................................................................................... 77
4
Basisles 1: wat is psychologie? .............................................................................................................5
6 basisgebieden ...............................................................................................................................5
6 belangrijke perspectieven ..............................................................................................................5
Basisles 2: onderzoeksmethoden I ........................................................................................................6
1.3.1 stappen van de wetenschappelijke methode ........................................................................6
1.3.2 soorten psychologisch onderzoek ........................................................................................6
1.3.3 VERTEKENINGEN IN PSYCHOLOGISCH ONDERZOEK ......................................................... 11
BASISLES 4: WAARNEMING ................................................................................................................ 11
specialisatieles 1: pseudopsychologie ................................................................................................ 12
basisles 5: geheugen .......................................................................................................................... 13
basisles 7: aandacht .......................................................................................................................... 30
atkinson & shiffrin: het standaardmodel ....................................................................................... 30
wat is aandacht? ......................................................................................................................... 30
selectieve aandacht: filteren ........................................................................................................... 31
dichotische luistertaak ................................................................................................................ 31
broadbent (1958): filtertheorie ..................................................................................................... 31
cocktail-party fenomeen ............................................................................................................. 31
priming ....................................................................................................................................... 31
treisman (1960): attenuatietheorie ............................................................................................... 32
norman (1968): pertinentie .......................................................................................................... 32
neisser (1976): schemata ............................................................................................................ 32
oriënteren van aandacht ................................................................................................................. 33
spot-light model ......................................................................................................................... 33
posner (1980): spatial cueing ....................................................................................................... 34
pop-up effect .............................................................................................................................. 34
saliëntiekaart.............................................................................................................................. 35
voor- en nadelen selectieve aandacht .......................................................................................... 35
verdeelde aandacht .................................................................................................................... 35
meervoudig capaciteitsmodel ..................................................................................................... 36
specialisatieles 2: bewustzijn ............................................................................................................. 36
wat is bewustzijn? ....................................................................................................................... 37
meten van bewustzijn: common sense ......................................................................................... 38
meten van bewustzijn: gedragsmatig ........................................................................................... 38
neuropsychologisch: alertheid..................................................................................................... 39
neuropsychologisch: bewustzijn .................................................................................................. 39
1
, niveau’s van bewustzijn ............................................................................................................... 40
specialisatieles 4: denken deel 1 ........................................................................................................ 41
introductie ..................................................................................................................................... 41
bouwstenen van denken ................................................................................................................. 41
concepten .................................................................................................................................. 41
voorstellingsvermogen en cognitieve plattegronden ...................................................................... 42
schema’s & scripts ..................................................................................................................... 42
denken en de hersenen ............................................................................................................... 43
intuïtie........................................................................................................................................ 43
vaardigheden van goede denkers .................................................................................................... 43
problem solving .......................................................................................................................... 44
redeneren................................................................................................................................... 45
oordelen & beslissen ................................................................................................................... 46
s5: denken deel 2 ............................................................................................................................... 46
wanen ........................................................................................................................................... 46
denkstoornissen ......................................................................................................................... 46
wanen ........................................................................................................................................ 46
denkfouten en wanen .................................................................................................................. 47
piekeren en rumineren .................................................................................................................... 48
autobiografisch geheugen ............................................................................................................... 50
s6: taal .............................................................................................................................................. 51
kenmerken van taal ........................................................................................................................ 51
adaptieve functies van taal ............................................................................................................. 51
aspecten van taalgedrag ................................................................................................................. 51
meertaligheid ................................................................................................................................. 52
relatie taal en cognitie .................................................................................................................... 53
b8: leren en omgeving i ....................................................................................................................... 54
klassieke conditionering ................................................................................................................. 54
Terminologie............................................................................................................................... 54
appetitieve conditionering ........................................................................................................... 55
aversieve conditionering ............................................................................................................. 55
verwerving, uitdoving/extinctie en terugval ................................................................................... 55
generalisatie-discriminatie .......................................................................................................... 56
conditionering van hogere orde .................................................................................................... 56
b9: leren en omgeving ii ...................................................................................................................... 57
operante conditionering.................................................................................................................. 57
skinner box/operante ruimte ........................................................................................................ 57
2
, terminologie ............................................................................................................................... 57
shaping ...................................................................................................................................... 58
fading ......................................................................................................................................... 58
bekrachtiging .............................................................................................................................. 58
bekrachtiging en extinctie ............................................................................................................ 60
belonen vs straffen ..................................................................................................................... 60
klassieke en operante conditionering vergelijken .......................................................................... 61
toepassingen ................................................................................................................................. 61
cognitief perspectief op leren ...................................................................................................... 62
s7: motivatie en emotie ...................................................................................................................... 62
wat motiveert ons? ......................................................................................................................... 62
wat is motivatie? ......................................................................................................................... 62
individuele verschillen in motivatie .............................................................................................. 63
hoe worden motivatieprioriteiten gesteld? ....................................................................................... 64
instincttheorie ............................................................................................................................ 64
drijfveertheorie ........................................................................................................................... 64
Maslows behoeftehiërarchie ....................................................................................................... 64
nieuwe behoeftenhiërarchie ........................................................................................................ 65
honger en seksuele motivatie? ........................................................................................................ 66
honger: een biologische drijfveer & een psychologisch motief ....................................................... 66
seksuele motivatie: een impuls waar je zonder kunt ...................................................................... 66
hoe motiveren onze emoties? ......................................................................................................... 67
onderdelen van emoties .............................................................................................................. 67
wat doen emoties voor ons? ........................................................................................................ 67
aantal emoties ............................................................................................................................ 67
elementaire emoties ................................................................................................................... 68
waar komen onze emoties vandaan? ............................................................................................... 68
neurowetenschap van emoties .................................................................................................... 68
theorieën van emoties: oude controverse ..................................................................................... 69
beheersen van emoties ............................................................................................................... 69
b10: intelligentie ................................................................................................................................ 70
definitie en beschrijving .................................................................................................................. 70
CHC-model ................................................................................................................................ 71
geschiedenis .................................................................................................................................. 71
Eerste golf: kwantificatie van een algemeen niveau ....................................................................... 71
tweede golf: klinische profielanalyse ............................................................................................ 72
derde golf: psychometrische profielanalyse ................................................................................. 73
3
, vierde golf: toepassing van een theorie over intelligentiestructuur ................................................. 73
nature vs nurture ............................................................................................................................ 73
wat bepaalt intelligentie? ............................................................................................................ 73
tweeling- & adoptiestudies .......................................................................................................... 73
tweelingen geadopteerd .............................................................................................................. 74
groepsverschillen ........................................................................................................................... 75
generatieverschillen: flynn-effect ................................................................................................. 75
b11: monitoraatsles ........................................................................................................................... 77
4
