Biol 111 Final Exam with answers
what does duplication of cells require- Answers✔✔ 1)replication
2)segregation of each chromosome
3)cytoplasmic division
how do prokaryotic cells divide and what is the beginning site and ending site of replication
called?- Answers✔✔ binary fission (origin of replication––>terminus)
what protein contracts the middle of a cell to divide the cell into two during binary fission?-
Answers✔✔ ring of FTsZ proteins
define a centromere- Answers✔✔ centromeres are the constrictions seen at the center of
chromosomes
define a kinetochore- Answers✔✔ protein found at the centromere that attaches to the
microtubule during mitosis
define cohesin- Answers✔✔ protein that holds two sister chromatids together
define a nucleosome- Answers✔✔ a histone octamer wrapped with with about 200 base
pairs
what is the name for a tightly coiled string of nucleosomes- Answers✔✔ solenoid
what is the level of organization of chromatin- Answers✔✔ "30nm fiber" solenoid
,name all the phases of the cell cycle- Answers✔✔ G1, S, G2, mitosis (prophase,
prometaphase, anaphase, telophase), cytokinesis
describe prophase- Answers✔✔ chromosomes finish condensing
centrioles move to poles of cell
nuclear envelope disappears
spindle apparatus appears
describe prometaphase- Answers✔✔ chromosomes attach to spindle apparatus
chromosomes begin to migrate
describe anaphase- Answers✔✔ chromosomes split and move toward oppostie poles
describe telophase- Answers✔✔ spindle apparatus disassembles
chromosomes start uncoiling
nuclear envelope reassembles
define what a cyclin is- Answers✔✔ proteins that are produced and destroyed in
synchronization with the cell cycle
define what a Cdk is- Answers✔✔ cdk's are enzymes that control the progress of cell
division by phosphorylating proteins needed for division
a signal activates a complex to initiate the splitting of the chromosomes. name it-
Answers✔✔ anaphase promoting complex
the APC activates what protein that hydrolyzes cohesin- Answers✔✔ separase
, what elaborate structure do homologous chromosomes line up on during meiosis 1?-
Answers✔✔ synaptonemal complex/metaphasic plate
what was the general name of the view of genetics prior to Mendel- Answers✔✔ blending
inheritance–offspring was a mix of the parents' features
define particulate inheritance- Answers✔✔ idea that discrete physical units carry the
traits from each parent and don't blend (now called genes)
define a locus- Answers✔✔ the physical location of a gene on a chromosome
define a marker- Answers✔✔ a known locus being used to keep track of what is going on
genetically
define an allele- Answers✔✔ a particular form of a gene that exists
describe the principle of independent assortment- Answers✔✔ different genes will behave
independently of one another during the production of gametes
what genotype is always needed to perform a test cross- Answers✔✔ a homozygous
recessive
describe incomplete dominance and give an example- Answers✔✔ phenotype appears
intermediate between the two homozygotes.
example: black cow and white cow make brown cow
describe codominance and give an example- Answers✔✔ full phenotypes of both genes
are visible. example: calico cats
what does duplication of cells require- Answers✔✔ 1)replication
2)segregation of each chromosome
3)cytoplasmic division
how do prokaryotic cells divide and what is the beginning site and ending site of replication
called?- Answers✔✔ binary fission (origin of replication––>terminus)
what protein contracts the middle of a cell to divide the cell into two during binary fission?-
Answers✔✔ ring of FTsZ proteins
define a centromere- Answers✔✔ centromeres are the constrictions seen at the center of
chromosomes
define a kinetochore- Answers✔✔ protein found at the centromere that attaches to the
microtubule during mitosis
define cohesin- Answers✔✔ protein that holds two sister chromatids together
define a nucleosome- Answers✔✔ a histone octamer wrapped with with about 200 base
pairs
what is the name for a tightly coiled string of nucleosomes- Answers✔✔ solenoid
what is the level of organization of chromatin- Answers✔✔ "30nm fiber" solenoid
,name all the phases of the cell cycle- Answers✔✔ G1, S, G2, mitosis (prophase,
prometaphase, anaphase, telophase), cytokinesis
describe prophase- Answers✔✔ chromosomes finish condensing
centrioles move to poles of cell
nuclear envelope disappears
spindle apparatus appears
describe prometaphase- Answers✔✔ chromosomes attach to spindle apparatus
chromosomes begin to migrate
describe anaphase- Answers✔✔ chromosomes split and move toward oppostie poles
describe telophase- Answers✔✔ spindle apparatus disassembles
chromosomes start uncoiling
nuclear envelope reassembles
define what a cyclin is- Answers✔✔ proteins that are produced and destroyed in
synchronization with the cell cycle
define what a Cdk is- Answers✔✔ cdk's are enzymes that control the progress of cell
division by phosphorylating proteins needed for division
a signal activates a complex to initiate the splitting of the chromosomes. name it-
Answers✔✔ anaphase promoting complex
the APC activates what protein that hydrolyzes cohesin- Answers✔✔ separase
, what elaborate structure do homologous chromosomes line up on during meiosis 1?-
Answers✔✔ synaptonemal complex/metaphasic plate
what was the general name of the view of genetics prior to Mendel- Answers✔✔ blending
inheritance–offspring was a mix of the parents' features
define particulate inheritance- Answers✔✔ idea that discrete physical units carry the
traits from each parent and don't blend (now called genes)
define a locus- Answers✔✔ the physical location of a gene on a chromosome
define a marker- Answers✔✔ a known locus being used to keep track of what is going on
genetically
define an allele- Answers✔✔ a particular form of a gene that exists
describe the principle of independent assortment- Answers✔✔ different genes will behave
independently of one another during the production of gametes
what genotype is always needed to perform a test cross- Answers✔✔ a homozygous
recessive
describe incomplete dominance and give an example- Answers✔✔ phenotype appears
intermediate between the two homozygotes.
example: black cow and white cow make brown cow
describe codominance and give an example- Answers✔✔ full phenotypes of both genes
are visible. example: calico cats
