Advanced pathophysiology exam 4 questions and answers
a+ graded
e. Coli, proteus, pseudomonas - answer -what are the three most common
microorganisms associated with acute pyelonephritis?
alkaline - answer -urine that is acidic/alkaline on the ph scale increases the risk of
stone formation.
ammonia - answer -microorganisms split urea into ____, which makes the urine
more alkaline and therefore increases risk of stone formation.
interstitial cystitis - answer -painful bladder syndrome, also termed ______, is a
condition that includes nonbacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis.
autoimmune - answer -the exact cause of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial
cystitis (pbs/ic) is unknown, but a(n) ______ reaction may be responsible for the
inflammatory response, which includes mast cell activation, altered epithelial
permeability, neuroinflammation, and increased sensory nerve sensitivity.
nonbacterial - answer -_______ infectious cystitis includes viral, mycobacterial,
chlamydial, and fungal causes of the condition. Noninfectious - answer -_____
cystitis includes radiation, chemical, autoimmune, and hypersensitivity causes of
the condition.
urine culture, urinalysis - answer -diagnosing cystitis from pyelonephritis is done
by these two lab tests: _____ and ______, as well as the clinical signs and
symtpoms.
white blood cell - answer -_______ casts indicate a diagnosis of pyelonephritis,
rather than cystitis. However, these are not always present.
,urea, creatinine, renal creatinine - answer -reduced glomerular filtration rate
during glomerular disease is evidenced by elevated plasma _______, ______
concentration, or reduced ______ clearance.
acute glomerulonephritis - answer -____ includes renal diseases in which
glomerular inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms that damage the
glomerular capillary filtration membrane including the endothelium, basement
membrane, and epithelium (podocytes).
acute glomerulonephritis - answer -the classic symptoms of ______ include
sudden onset of hematuria including red blood cell casts and proteinuria (milder
than nephrotic syndrome), and in more severe cases, these symptoms are also
accompanied by edema, hypertension, and impaired renal function.
3.0 - answer -nephrotic syndrome is the excretion of _____g or more of protein in
the urine per day.
hypoalbuniemia - answer -_____ is the excretion of less than 3.0g/dl of albumin
per day.
nephrotic syndrome - answer -______ is the excretion of massive proteinuria in
the urine each day, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and peripheral edema.
glomerular - answer -nephrotic syndrome is characteristic of ____ injury. Primary
- answer -____ causes of nephrotic syndrome include minimal change disease,
membranous glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
secondary - answer -______ forms of nephrotic syndrome occur in systemic
diseases including diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, and systemic lupus
erythematosus.
true - answer -true/false: acute kidney injury may be reversible.
25, 25-30 - answer -renal insufficiency refers to a decline in renal function to
about ___ % of normal or an egfr of ____ml/minute.
, egfr - answer -_____ is extremely useful in determining improvement or decline in
kidney function.
elevated - answer -levels of serum creatinine and urea are mildly _____ in acute
kidney injury.
50, 24 - answer -changes in serum creatinine level only occur if more than ___%
of glomerular filtration is lost and are often delayed more than ____ hours.
diagnostic delays - answer -what prevents the implementation of early therapy
during acute kidney injury?
hyperkalemia, acidosis - answer -patients with acute kidney injury are prone to
develop ______ and metabolic ______.
hyperphosphatemia - answer -acute kidney injury can lead to decreased renal
phosphate excretion (aka _______).
edema - answer -fluid retention causes _____ in cases of acute kidney injury.
Urinary tract infection - answer -common clinical manifestations of a ________ in
older adults include confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort.
pyelonephritis - answer -infection of one or both upper urinary tracts, including
ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium
urinary obstruction, reflux of urine from the bladder - answer -____ and _____
(vesicoureteral reflux) are the most common underlying risk factors for
development of pyelonephritis.
congestive heart failure - answer -symptoms of ______ develop in persons with
cardiac disease when acute kidney injury occurs.
a+ graded
e. Coli, proteus, pseudomonas - answer -what are the three most common
microorganisms associated with acute pyelonephritis?
alkaline - answer -urine that is acidic/alkaline on the ph scale increases the risk of
stone formation.
ammonia - answer -microorganisms split urea into ____, which makes the urine
more alkaline and therefore increases risk of stone formation.
interstitial cystitis - answer -painful bladder syndrome, also termed ______, is a
condition that includes nonbacterial infectious cystitis and noninfectious cystitis.
autoimmune - answer -the exact cause of painful bladder syndrome/interstitial
cystitis (pbs/ic) is unknown, but a(n) ______ reaction may be responsible for the
inflammatory response, which includes mast cell activation, altered epithelial
permeability, neuroinflammation, and increased sensory nerve sensitivity.
nonbacterial - answer -_______ infectious cystitis includes viral, mycobacterial,
chlamydial, and fungal causes of the condition. Noninfectious - answer -_____
cystitis includes radiation, chemical, autoimmune, and hypersensitivity causes of
the condition.
urine culture, urinalysis - answer -diagnosing cystitis from pyelonephritis is done
by these two lab tests: _____ and ______, as well as the clinical signs and
symtpoms.
white blood cell - answer -_______ casts indicate a diagnosis of pyelonephritis,
rather than cystitis. However, these are not always present.
,urea, creatinine, renal creatinine - answer -reduced glomerular filtration rate
during glomerular disease is evidenced by elevated plasma _______, ______
concentration, or reduced ______ clearance.
acute glomerulonephritis - answer -____ includes renal diseases in which
glomerular inflammation is caused by immune mechanisms that damage the
glomerular capillary filtration membrane including the endothelium, basement
membrane, and epithelium (podocytes).
acute glomerulonephritis - answer -the classic symptoms of ______ include
sudden onset of hematuria including red blood cell casts and proteinuria (milder
than nephrotic syndrome), and in more severe cases, these symptoms are also
accompanied by edema, hypertension, and impaired renal function.
3.0 - answer -nephrotic syndrome is the excretion of _____g or more of protein in
the urine per day.
hypoalbuniemia - answer -_____ is the excretion of less than 3.0g/dl of albumin
per day.
nephrotic syndrome - answer -______ is the excretion of massive proteinuria in
the urine each day, hypoalbuminemia, hyperlipidemia, and peripheral edema.
glomerular - answer -nephrotic syndrome is characteristic of ____ injury. Primary
- answer -____ causes of nephrotic syndrome include minimal change disease,
membranous glomerulonephritis, and focal segmental glomerulosclerosis.
secondary - answer -______ forms of nephrotic syndrome occur in systemic
diseases including diabetes mellitus, amyloidosis, and systemic lupus
erythematosus.
true - answer -true/false: acute kidney injury may be reversible.
25, 25-30 - answer -renal insufficiency refers to a decline in renal function to
about ___ % of normal or an egfr of ____ml/minute.
, egfr - answer -_____ is extremely useful in determining improvement or decline in
kidney function.
elevated - answer -levels of serum creatinine and urea are mildly _____ in acute
kidney injury.
50, 24 - answer -changes in serum creatinine level only occur if more than ___%
of glomerular filtration is lost and are often delayed more than ____ hours.
diagnostic delays - answer -what prevents the implementation of early therapy
during acute kidney injury?
hyperkalemia, acidosis - answer -patients with acute kidney injury are prone to
develop ______ and metabolic ______.
hyperphosphatemia - answer -acute kidney injury can lead to decreased renal
phosphate excretion (aka _______).
edema - answer -fluid retention causes _____ in cases of acute kidney injury.
Urinary tract infection - answer -common clinical manifestations of a ________ in
older adults include confusion and poorly localized abdominal discomfort.
pyelonephritis - answer -infection of one or both upper urinary tracts, including
ureter, renal pelvis, and kidney interstitium
urinary obstruction, reflux of urine from the bladder - answer -____ and _____
(vesicoureteral reflux) are the most common underlying risk factors for
development of pyelonephritis.
congestive heart failure - answer -symptoms of ______ develop in persons with
cardiac disease when acute kidney injury occurs.
