PSYCHOLOGY PAPER 2 2021 ANSWERS
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OutlineootheoowayooinoowhichooPavlovoostudiedooclassicalooconditioning.oo[4oomarks]oo-
ooans--
detailooofooPavlov'sooclassicalooconditioningooexperimentsoointooosalivationooreflexooinood
ogsoo
•ooknowledgeooofooPavlovianooconceptsooinootheoocontextooofooPavlov'sooexperiments:oou
nconditionedoostimulus;ooconditionedoostimulus;oounconditionedooresponse;ooconditioned
ooresponseoo
•oodetailooofooPavlovianootheoryoo-oolearningoobyooassociation;ootemporalooassociation/
contiguity.
SomeoocriticsoohaveoosaidoothatooPavlov'soostudiesoomayoolackooecologicaloovalidity.oo
Whatooisoomeantoobyootheootermooecologicaloovalidity?oo[2oomarks]oo-ooans--
theooextentootooowhichoobehavioursooobservedooandoorecordedooinooaoostudyooreflectoothe
oobehavioursoothatooactuallyoooccurooinootheoorealooworld
JemimaooandooLilyooareooidenticalootwins.ooLilyoocomplainsootoooJemima,oo"Ioodon'toounde
rstandooit.ooIfooweoohaveootheoosameoogenes,oohowoocomeooyouoohaveooclearerooskinooth
anoomeooandooareoomuchoobetterooatoonetball?"ooJemimaoolaughsooandooreplies,oo"Lily,oo
weoomayoobeooidenticalootwins,oobutooweooareoonotooidenticaloopeople."oo
yourooknowledgeooofoogenotypeooandoophenotype,ooexplainooLily'sooandooJemima'soocom
ments.oo[4oomarks]oo-ooans--
•ooLilyooandooJemimaoohaveooidenticaloogenotypesoo(genotypeoorefersootoootheoogeneticoo
make-upooofooanooindividual)
oo•ooLilyooandooJemimaoodooonotoohaveooidenticaloophenotypesoo(phenotypeoorefersootooot
heooobservableoocharacteristicsooofooanooindividualooasooaooresultooofootheiroogenotypeooa
ndootheirooenvironment)
oo•ooalthoughooLilyooandooJemimaoohaveootheoosameoogenes,ooJemimaoomightoopracticeoo
netballoomoreoooroohaveoostartedoolessonsooearlieroothanooLily,ootheseooenvironmentaloofa
ctorsoomayoomakeooheroobetterooatoonetball
, oo•ooalthoughooLilyooandooJemimaoohaveootheoosameoogenes,ooJemimaoomightoohaveooaoo
differentooskinoocareooroutine/diet/sunooexposure/
etcoothanooLily,ootheseooenvironmentaloofactorsoomayoomakeooherooskinoocleareroothanooL
ily's
LilyooandooJemimaoohaveooaoopetoorat,oowhichoousuallyoohidesooinooaoocorneroowhenoothe
yootryootoootakeooitoooutooboxooofooitsoocage.ooTheyoohaveootriedoodifferentoowaysootooostop
ootheooratoohiding,oobutoosooofaroowithoutoosuccess.
ooUseooyourooknowledgeooofootwoootypesooofooreinforcementootooosuggestoohowooLilyooan
dooJemimaoocouldootrainootheirooratootooocomeootoootheoocageoodooroowhenootheyooopenoo
it.oo[6oomarks]oo-ooans--positiveooreinforcementoo-oowhenooLily/
Jemimaooopenootheoocageoodoorootheyoocanoogiveootheooratootreatsoolikeoochocolateoodro
psooforoocomingootoootheoocageoodooroowhenootheyooopenooit.ooThisoowilloomakeootheoorato
omoreoolikelyootooocomeootoootheoodoorootheoonextootimeootheyooopenootheoocageoo
•oonegativeooreinforcementoo-
oohaveoosomethingoounpleasantoolikeoosprayingootheooratoowithoowaterooorooplayingooloudo
omusic/
alarmooandoothenoostopoothisoowhenootheooratoocomesootoootheoodooroosooothatoooverootim
eoowhenootheyooopenootheoocageootheooratoowilloobeoomoreoolikelyootooocomeootoootheoodo
oroo
•ooschedulesooofooreinforcementoo-ooappliedootoootrainingooLilyooandooJemima'soorat.
Compareootheoohumanisticooapproachoowithootheoopsychodynamicooapproach.oo[8oomark
s]oo-ooans--•oodeterminismoo-
ootheoohumanisticooapproachooassumesoopeopleoohaveoofreeoochoiceoooverootheiroobehav
iour,oowhereasootheoopsychodynamicooapproachooassumesoothatoobehaviourooisoodetermi
nedoobyoounconsciousoofactorsoo(beyondooconsciousoocontrol)
oo•oonature/nurtureoo-
ootheoohumanisticooapproachooassumesoobehaviourooisooaffectedoobyoodesireootoooself-
actualiseoo(nature)ooandooourooexperienceoocanooprovideoobarriersootooothisoothroughooco
nditionsooofooworthooandoovaryingooexperienceooofooconditionaloopositiveooregardoo(nurtur
e).ooLikewise,ootheoopsychodynamicooapproachooassumesoobehaviourooisoodrivenoobyoou
nconsciousooforces,ooegooid/ego/
superegooodynamicsoo(nature)oobutooouroocopingoomechanismsoosuchooasoodefenceoome
chanismsooariseoofromooexperienceoo(nurture)
oo•oomethodologyoo-
oobothooareoomuchoolessooscientificoothanoootherooapproachesoo(butootheoopsychodynami
cooapproachooassumesoothatoosomeooaspectsooofoobehaviouroocanoobeooinvestigatedoosci
entifically)
SOLVED CORRECTLY 100% TO SCORE
A+
OutlineootheoowayooinoowhichooPavlovoostudiedooclassicalooconditioning.oo[4oomarks]oo-
ooans--
detailooofooPavlov'sooclassicalooconditioningooexperimentsoointooosalivationooreflexooinood
ogsoo
•ooknowledgeooofooPavlovianooconceptsooinootheoocontextooofooPavlov'sooexperiments:oou
nconditionedoostimulus;ooconditionedoostimulus;oounconditionedooresponse;ooconditioned
ooresponseoo
•oodetailooofooPavlovianootheoryoo-oolearningoobyooassociation;ootemporalooassociation/
contiguity.
SomeoocriticsoohaveoosaidoothatooPavlov'soostudiesoomayoolackooecologicaloovalidity.oo
Whatooisoomeantoobyootheootermooecologicaloovalidity?oo[2oomarks]oo-ooans--
theooextentootooowhichoobehavioursooobservedooandoorecordedooinooaoostudyooreflectoothe
oobehavioursoothatooactuallyoooccurooinootheoorealooworld
JemimaooandooLilyooareooidenticalootwins.ooLilyoocomplainsootoooJemima,oo"Ioodon'toounde
rstandooit.ooIfooweoohaveootheoosameoogenes,oohowoocomeooyouoohaveooclearerooskinooth
anoomeooandooareoomuchoobetterooatoonetball?"ooJemimaoolaughsooandooreplies,oo"Lily,oo
weoomayoobeooidenticalootwins,oobutooweooareoonotooidenticaloopeople."oo
yourooknowledgeooofoogenotypeooandoophenotype,ooexplainooLily'sooandooJemima'soocom
ments.oo[4oomarks]oo-ooans--
•ooLilyooandooJemimaoohaveooidenticaloogenotypesoo(genotypeoorefersootoootheoogeneticoo
make-upooofooanooindividual)
oo•ooLilyooandooJemimaoodooonotoohaveooidenticaloophenotypesoo(phenotypeoorefersootooot
heooobservableoocharacteristicsooofooanooindividualooasooaooresultooofootheiroogenotypeooa
ndootheirooenvironment)
oo•ooalthoughooLilyooandooJemimaoohaveootheoosameoogenes,ooJemimaoomightoopracticeoo
netballoomoreoooroohaveoostartedoolessonsooearlieroothanooLily,ootheseooenvironmentaloofa
ctorsoomayoomakeooheroobetterooatoonetball
, oo•ooalthoughooLilyooandooJemimaoohaveootheoosameoogenes,ooJemimaoomightoohaveooaoo
differentooskinoocareooroutine/diet/sunooexposure/
etcoothanooLily,ootheseooenvironmentaloofactorsoomayoomakeooherooskinoocleareroothanooL
ily's
LilyooandooJemimaoohaveooaoopetoorat,oowhichoousuallyoohidesooinooaoocorneroowhenoothe
yootryootoootakeooitoooutooboxooofooitsoocage.ooTheyoohaveootriedoodifferentoowaysootooostop
ootheooratoohiding,oobutoosooofaroowithoutoosuccess.
ooUseooyourooknowledgeooofootwoootypesooofooreinforcementootooosuggestoohowooLilyooan
dooJemimaoocouldootrainootheirooratootooocomeootoootheoocageoodooroowhenootheyooopenoo
it.oo[6oomarks]oo-ooans--positiveooreinforcementoo-oowhenooLily/
Jemimaooopenootheoocageoodoorootheyoocanoogiveootheooratootreatsoolikeoochocolateoodro
psooforoocomingootoootheoocageoodooroowhenootheyooopenooit.ooThisoowilloomakeootheoorato
omoreoolikelyootooocomeootoootheoodoorootheoonextootimeootheyooopenootheoocageoo
•oonegativeooreinforcementoo-
oohaveoosomethingoounpleasantoolikeoosprayingootheooratoowithoowaterooorooplayingooloudo
omusic/
alarmooandoothenoostopoothisoowhenootheooratoocomesootoootheoodooroosooothatoooverootim
eoowhenootheyooopenootheoocageootheooratoowilloobeoomoreoolikelyootooocomeootoootheoodo
oroo
•ooschedulesooofooreinforcementoo-ooappliedootoootrainingooLilyooandooJemima'soorat.
Compareootheoohumanisticooapproachoowithootheoopsychodynamicooapproach.oo[8oomark
s]oo-ooans--•oodeterminismoo-
ootheoohumanisticooapproachooassumesoopeopleoohaveoofreeoochoiceoooverootheiroobehav
iour,oowhereasootheoopsychodynamicooapproachooassumesoothatoobehaviourooisoodetermi
nedoobyoounconsciousoofactorsoo(beyondooconsciousoocontrol)
oo•oonature/nurtureoo-
ootheoohumanisticooapproachooassumesoobehaviourooisooaffectedoobyoodesireootoooself-
actualiseoo(nature)ooandooourooexperienceoocanooprovideoobarriersootooothisoothroughooco
nditionsooofooworthooandoovaryingooexperienceooofooconditionaloopositiveooregardoo(nurtur
e).ooLikewise,ootheoopsychodynamicooapproachooassumesoobehaviourooisoodrivenoobyoou
nconsciousooforces,ooegooid/ego/
superegooodynamicsoo(nature)oobutooouroocopingoomechanismsoosuchooasoodefenceoome
chanismsooariseoofromooexperienceoo(nurture)
oo•oomethodologyoo-
oobothooareoomuchoolessooscientificoothanoootherooapproachesoo(butootheoopsychodynami
cooapproachooassumesoothatoosomeooaspectsooofoobehaviouroocanoobeooinvestigatedoosci
entifically)
