Pathophysiology; WGU D236 Exam
Questions and Answers
pH scale - Correct Answers -- scale with values from 0 to 14,
- used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution
- a pH of 0-7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral,a pH of 7-14 is basic
- the more H+ the lower the pH; the less H+ the higher pH
What are different types of acidosis in the body? - Correct Answers -- Diabetic
ketoacidosis
- Lactic Acidosis
Anion Gap - Correct Answers -Difference between the concentrations of serum cations
and anions: determined by measuring the concentrations of sodium cations and chloride
and bicarbonate anions.
Increasing anion gap - Correct Answers -Increasing Acidity
Decreasing anion gap - Correct Answers -Increasing Alkalosis
What levels are Metabolic Alkalosis? - Correct Answers -Increased pH and increased
CO2
What levels are Metabolic Acidosis? - Correct Answers -Decreased pH and decreased
CO2
What levels are Respiratory Alkalosis? - Correct Answers -Increased pH and decreased
CO2
What levels are Respiratory Acidosis? - Correct Answers -Decreased pH and increased
CO2
RAAS system - Correct Answers -Renin-Angiotension-Aldosterone System
Complex mulit-organ endocrine (hormone) system regulating blood pressure by
balancing fluids and electrolytes levels
Electrolytes - Correct Answers -minerals that help maintain the body's fluid balance
Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Phosphorus (PO4-)
Calcium (Ca+)
, arterial blood gases (ABGs) - Correct Answers -Blood pH: 7.35 to 7.45
PCO2: 35 to 45 mm Hg
PO2: 90 to 100 mm Hg
HCO3-: 22 to 26 mEq/L
SaO2 (saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen): 95% to 100%
Hyperthyroidism - Correct Answers -- Grave's Disease (50-60%) or Subacute Thyroiditis
(15-20%)
- Overproduction of T3 & T4
- tremor, tachycardia, feeling warm, loss of weight, EXOPHTHALMOS, A-fib, decreased
fertility, anxiety
Hypothyroidism - Correct Answers -- underactivity of the thyroid gland
- Hypercholesterolemia, easy weight gain, decreased fertility, delayed reflexes,
sluggish, feeling cold, constipation, lethargy
- 95% of cases are primary hypothyroidism
myxedema - Correct Answers -- caused by extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion; also
known as adult hypothyroidism
Thyroid nodules - Correct Answers -- can be hypo- or hyper- thyroidism causing
- Hot nodule: Hyperthyroidism
- Cold nodule: Hypothyroidism
- Warm nodule: normal tissue
- Dysphagia, pain in thyroid region, dysphonia ( abnormal voice/ hoarseness)
goiter - Correct Answers -- Enlargement of the thyroid gland without symptoms of
thyroid disease (non-toxic goiter)
- excessive pituitary TSH,, decreased iodine levels, goitrigens: food/mediations that
interfere with thyroid hormones
Hashimoto's thyroiditis - Correct Answers -- (lymphocytic thyroiditis) Autoimmune
disease that causes hypothyroidism
- High number of lymphocytes, TSH receptor antibodies, and Anti-TPO/ Anti-thyroglobin
- Hypercarotenemia (high carotene, yellow/orange skin), Aplastic anemia, cold
intolerance, decreases kidney function, memory deficiency
Buffer - Correct Answers -A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous
acids or bases are added to the solution.
ex.
proteins, phosphates, and carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
infection - Correct Answers -Contamination or invasion of body tissue by pathogenic
organisms
Questions and Answers
pH scale - Correct Answers -- scale with values from 0 to 14,
- used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution
- a pH of 0-7 is acidic, a pH of 7 is neutral,a pH of 7-14 is basic
- the more H+ the lower the pH; the less H+ the higher pH
What are different types of acidosis in the body? - Correct Answers -- Diabetic
ketoacidosis
- Lactic Acidosis
Anion Gap - Correct Answers -Difference between the concentrations of serum cations
and anions: determined by measuring the concentrations of sodium cations and chloride
and bicarbonate anions.
Increasing anion gap - Correct Answers -Increasing Acidity
Decreasing anion gap - Correct Answers -Increasing Alkalosis
What levels are Metabolic Alkalosis? - Correct Answers -Increased pH and increased
CO2
What levels are Metabolic Acidosis? - Correct Answers -Decreased pH and decreased
CO2
What levels are Respiratory Alkalosis? - Correct Answers -Increased pH and decreased
CO2
What levels are Respiratory Acidosis? - Correct Answers -Decreased pH and increased
CO2
RAAS system - Correct Answers -Renin-Angiotension-Aldosterone System
Complex mulit-organ endocrine (hormone) system regulating blood pressure by
balancing fluids and electrolytes levels
Electrolytes - Correct Answers -minerals that help maintain the body's fluid balance
Sodium (Na+)
Potassium (K+)
Phosphorus (PO4-)
Calcium (Ca+)
, arterial blood gases (ABGs) - Correct Answers -Blood pH: 7.35 to 7.45
PCO2: 35 to 45 mm Hg
PO2: 90 to 100 mm Hg
HCO3-: 22 to 26 mEq/L
SaO2 (saturation of hemoglobin with oxygen): 95% to 100%
Hyperthyroidism - Correct Answers -- Grave's Disease (50-60%) or Subacute Thyroiditis
(15-20%)
- Overproduction of T3 & T4
- tremor, tachycardia, feeling warm, loss of weight, EXOPHTHALMOS, A-fib, decreased
fertility, anxiety
Hypothyroidism - Correct Answers -- underactivity of the thyroid gland
- Hypercholesterolemia, easy weight gain, decreased fertility, delayed reflexes,
sluggish, feeling cold, constipation, lethargy
- 95% of cases are primary hypothyroidism
myxedema - Correct Answers -- caused by extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion; also
known as adult hypothyroidism
Thyroid nodules - Correct Answers -- can be hypo- or hyper- thyroidism causing
- Hot nodule: Hyperthyroidism
- Cold nodule: Hypothyroidism
- Warm nodule: normal tissue
- Dysphagia, pain in thyroid region, dysphonia ( abnormal voice/ hoarseness)
goiter - Correct Answers -- Enlargement of the thyroid gland without symptoms of
thyroid disease (non-toxic goiter)
- excessive pituitary TSH,, decreased iodine levels, goitrigens: food/mediations that
interfere with thyroid hormones
Hashimoto's thyroiditis - Correct Answers -- (lymphocytic thyroiditis) Autoimmune
disease that causes hypothyroidism
- High number of lymphocytes, TSH receptor antibodies, and Anti-TPO/ Anti-thyroglobin
- Hypercarotenemia (high carotene, yellow/orange skin), Aplastic anemia, cold
intolerance, decreases kidney function, memory deficiency
Buffer - Correct Answers -A solution that minimizes changes in pH when extraneous
acids or bases are added to the solution.
ex.
proteins, phosphates, and carbonic acid-bicarbonate system
infection - Correct Answers -Contamination or invasion of body tissue by pathogenic
organisms
