D236 Section 1 - Homeostasis and
Cellular response Exam Questions and
Answers
patho - Correct Answers -suffering or disease
pathophysiology - Correct Answers -refers to the study of abnormal changes in body
functions that are the causes, consequences, or concomitants of disease processes.
"prepare for the assessment" - Correct Answers -There are four evidence statements
for this competency:
Given a description of a patient with an infection (e.g., influenza, MRSA, staph
infection), the student will identify how the body will respond to that infection.
Given a description of a congenital anomaly, the learner identifies the role of DNA
changes in congenital anomalies and how it affects the physiology of the body.
Given a scenario, the learner explains how development is disrupted in congenital
abnormalities.
Given a scenario, the learner describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how these
disruptions impact physiological wellbeing.
To prepare for the competency objective assessment, ask yourself these questions:
Can you describe how a patient's body will respond to an infection?
Can you identify the role of DNA changes in congenital anomalies?
Can you explain how development is disrupted in congenital abnormalities?
Can you describe the factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect
physiological wellbeing?
homeostasis - Correct Answers -A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal
state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a
particular level
bpd - Correct Answers -bronchopulmonary dysplasia
bronchopulmonary dysplasia - Correct Answers -free radical damage to lung early in life
before lungs are mature enough to handle pure oxygen
d/t oxygen toxicity
human body is composed of _____% water - Correct Answers -60
,water acts as the bodies ____ - Correct Answers –solvent
If Noah's mother has a child with a man who has two healthy copies of the sickle cell
gene, what is the probability that her child will also be a carrier?
50%
100%
75%
25% - Correct Answers -50%
Noah's sister has one sickle cell gene and one healthy copy. The probability of her
contributing the sickle cell gene is 50%. Fifty percent of the time, she is expected to
contribute a healthy copy of the gene.
During a routine ultrasound, a woman finds out she is carrying a child with spina bifida.
She had been taking a prenatal vitamin while she was trying to conceive.
Which two risk factors may have contributed to her child's birth defect?
Anemia and asthma
Anemia and depression
Obesity and asthma
Obesity and diabetes` - Correct Answers -Obesity and diabetes are risk factors for
having a child with spina bifida. Asthma, anemia, and depression are not.
An ultrasound reveals that a woman's baby is a boy.
If she is a carrier for hemophilia, what is the probability her son will have hemophilia?
100%
50%
75%
25% - Correct Answers -50%
what are the body's solutes - Correct Answers -electolytes (positive and negatively
charged ions)
protein (albumin - the major solute)
what is the bodies solvents - Correct Answers -body fluid
- mainly water
two main functions of electrolytes and protein - Correct Answers -1. deliver
nutrients/electrolytes to cells
2. carry away waste products from cellular metabolism
3 fluid compartmetns of the body - Correct Answers -ICF - intracellular
ISF - interstitial
,ECF - extracellular
2/3s of the body's water is contained in the....
1/3rd in the... - Correct Answers -ICF
ECF
plasma membrane - Correct Answers -A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer
forming the boundary of the cells
allows passive movement of fluid/electrolytes, but restricts larger particles
Fluid Balance - Correct Answers -Intracellular Fluid Compartment
In the adult, 40% of total body weight is the water contained within the ICF
compartment.
Water can diffuse out of the ICF and cause cell shrinkage or cellular dehydration.
Conversely, water can enter the ICF and cause cell swelling or cellular edema.
Extracellular Fluid Compartment
In the adult, 20% of total body weight is the water contained within the ECF
compartment.
Most of the ECF is found within the intravascular compartment or blood vessels.
The ECF contains electrolytes, oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients to be delivered to
cells, as well as cellular waste products designated for excretion.
Interstitial Fluid Compartment
ISF, which is a filtrate of the blood, is located between the cells and between the cells
and capillaries.
Like blood, it contains water and electrolytes, mainly sodium (Na+).
ISF lacks proteins because they are too large to diffuse out of the blood vessels into the
interstitial spaces.
However, during inflammation, capillary membranes become extrapermeable; the pores
enlarge, allowing proteins such as white blood cells out to the tissues.
Hydrostatic pressure - Correct Answers -the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to
push water out of the vessel
the pushing force exerted by water in the bloodstream. The heart's pulsatile pumping
action is the source of hydrostatic pressure, which exerts an outward force that pushes
water through the capillary membrane pores into the ISF and ICF compartments
Diffusion - Correct Answers -The process by which molecules passively spread from
areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
, Water and electrolytes diffuse from high concentration to lower concentration until an
equilibrium is reached.
Osmosis - Correct Answers -The tendency of molecules of a solvent to pass through a
semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated
one, equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.
Electrolytes and water move through the cell's semi-permeable plasma membrane, but
large proteins such as albumin cannot pass through the membrane.
A semipermeable membrane selectively allows some molecules through its pores and
obstructs others according to size.
facilitated transport - Correct Answers -The passing of certain molecules through the
plasma membrane with assistance from carrier proteins.
Glucose undergoes facilitated transport into the cell by the carrier protein insulin.
active transport - Correct Answers -Occurs when a substance requires energy to pass
through a membrane against a concentration gradient.
Sodium and potassium require active transport using the N+/K+ pump, which is within
the plasma membrane to retain potassium as the major intracellular ion and sodium as
the major extracellular ion.
Sodium is a solute that draws water with it.
osmotic pressure - Correct Answers -the pressure exerted by the solutes in solution.
In the bloodstream, osmotic pressure is exerted by electrolytes, mainly sodium ions and
plasma proteins.
Osmotic pressure is a force that pulls water into the bloodstream from the ICF and ISF
and opposes hydrostatic pressure at all capillary membranes
Osmotic pressure is determined by the number of particles or their concentration within
the solution.
A solution with a greater number of particles has a higher osmotic pressure.
When a membrane such as a cell membrane separates two solutions with different
osmotic pressures, fluid will move from the solution with lower osmotic pressure into the
solution with the higher osmotic pressure, which is why a high osmotic pressure in the
bloodstream favors fluid movement from the ICF and ISF into the bloodstream.
Cellular response Exam Questions and
Answers
patho - Correct Answers -suffering or disease
pathophysiology - Correct Answers -refers to the study of abnormal changes in body
functions that are the causes, consequences, or concomitants of disease processes.
"prepare for the assessment" - Correct Answers -There are four evidence statements
for this competency:
Given a description of a patient with an infection (e.g., influenza, MRSA, staph
infection), the student will identify how the body will respond to that infection.
Given a description of a congenital anomaly, the learner identifies the role of DNA
changes in congenital anomalies and how it affects the physiology of the body.
Given a scenario, the learner explains how development is disrupted in congenital
abnormalities.
Given a scenario, the learner describes factors that disrupt homeostasis and how these
disruptions impact physiological wellbeing.
To prepare for the competency objective assessment, ask yourself these questions:
Can you describe how a patient's body will respond to an infection?
Can you identify the role of DNA changes in congenital anomalies?
Can you explain how development is disrupted in congenital abnormalities?
Can you describe the factors that disrupt homeostasis and how disruptions affect
physiological wellbeing?
homeostasis - Correct Answers -A tendency to maintain a balanced or constant internal
state; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood glucose, around a
particular level
bpd - Correct Answers -bronchopulmonary dysplasia
bronchopulmonary dysplasia - Correct Answers -free radical damage to lung early in life
before lungs are mature enough to handle pure oxygen
d/t oxygen toxicity
human body is composed of _____% water - Correct Answers -60
,water acts as the bodies ____ - Correct Answers –solvent
If Noah's mother has a child with a man who has two healthy copies of the sickle cell
gene, what is the probability that her child will also be a carrier?
50%
100%
75%
25% - Correct Answers -50%
Noah's sister has one sickle cell gene and one healthy copy. The probability of her
contributing the sickle cell gene is 50%. Fifty percent of the time, she is expected to
contribute a healthy copy of the gene.
During a routine ultrasound, a woman finds out she is carrying a child with spina bifida.
She had been taking a prenatal vitamin while she was trying to conceive.
Which two risk factors may have contributed to her child's birth defect?
Anemia and asthma
Anemia and depression
Obesity and asthma
Obesity and diabetes` - Correct Answers -Obesity and diabetes are risk factors for
having a child with spina bifida. Asthma, anemia, and depression are not.
An ultrasound reveals that a woman's baby is a boy.
If she is a carrier for hemophilia, what is the probability her son will have hemophilia?
100%
50%
75%
25% - Correct Answers -50%
what are the body's solutes - Correct Answers -electolytes (positive and negatively
charged ions)
protein (albumin - the major solute)
what is the bodies solvents - Correct Answers -body fluid
- mainly water
two main functions of electrolytes and protein - Correct Answers -1. deliver
nutrients/electrolytes to cells
2. carry away waste products from cellular metabolism
3 fluid compartmetns of the body - Correct Answers -ICF - intracellular
ISF - interstitial
,ECF - extracellular
2/3s of the body's water is contained in the....
1/3rd in the... - Correct Answers -ICF
ECF
plasma membrane - Correct Answers -A selectively-permeable phospholipid bilayer
forming the boundary of the cells
allows passive movement of fluid/electrolytes, but restricts larger particles
Fluid Balance - Correct Answers -Intracellular Fluid Compartment
In the adult, 40% of total body weight is the water contained within the ICF
compartment.
Water can diffuse out of the ICF and cause cell shrinkage or cellular dehydration.
Conversely, water can enter the ICF and cause cell swelling or cellular edema.
Extracellular Fluid Compartment
In the adult, 20% of total body weight is the water contained within the ECF
compartment.
Most of the ECF is found within the intravascular compartment or blood vessels.
The ECF contains electrolytes, oxygen, glucose, and other nutrients to be delivered to
cells, as well as cellular waste products designated for excretion.
Interstitial Fluid Compartment
ISF, which is a filtrate of the blood, is located between the cells and between the cells
and capillaries.
Like blood, it contains water and electrolytes, mainly sodium (Na+).
ISF lacks proteins because they are too large to diffuse out of the blood vessels into the
interstitial spaces.
However, during inflammation, capillary membranes become extrapermeable; the pores
enlarge, allowing proteins such as white blood cells out to the tissues.
Hydrostatic pressure - Correct Answers -the pressure within a blood vessel that tends to
push water out of the vessel
the pushing force exerted by water in the bloodstream. The heart's pulsatile pumping
action is the source of hydrostatic pressure, which exerts an outward force that pushes
water through the capillary membrane pores into the ISF and ICF compartments
Diffusion - Correct Answers -The process by which molecules passively spread from
areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration.
, Water and electrolytes diffuse from high concentration to lower concentration until an
equilibrium is reached.
Osmosis - Correct Answers -The tendency of molecules of a solvent to pass through a
semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated
one, equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.
Electrolytes and water move through the cell's semi-permeable plasma membrane, but
large proteins such as albumin cannot pass through the membrane.
A semipermeable membrane selectively allows some molecules through its pores and
obstructs others according to size.
facilitated transport - Correct Answers -The passing of certain molecules through the
plasma membrane with assistance from carrier proteins.
Glucose undergoes facilitated transport into the cell by the carrier protein insulin.
active transport - Correct Answers -Occurs when a substance requires energy to pass
through a membrane against a concentration gradient.
Sodium and potassium require active transport using the N+/K+ pump, which is within
the plasma membrane to retain potassium as the major intracellular ion and sodium as
the major extracellular ion.
Sodium is a solute that draws water with it.
osmotic pressure - Correct Answers -the pressure exerted by the solutes in solution.
In the bloodstream, osmotic pressure is exerted by electrolytes, mainly sodium ions and
plasma proteins.
Osmotic pressure is a force that pulls water into the bloodstream from the ICF and ISF
and opposes hydrostatic pressure at all capillary membranes
Osmotic pressure is determined by the number of particles or their concentration within
the solution.
A solution with a greater number of particles has a higher osmotic pressure.
When a membrane such as a cell membrane separates two solutions with different
osmotic pressures, fluid will move from the solution with lower osmotic pressure into the
solution with the higher osmotic pressure, which is why a high osmotic pressure in the
bloodstream favors fluid movement from the ICF and ISF into the bloodstream.
