PAM BARTLEY CEN study guide cardiology questions and answers with solutions 2025

Cardiac output - ANSWER stroke volume x heart rate (amount of blood ejected per contraction) Primary compensatory mechanism for low cardiac output in peds - ANSWER Tachycardia Late sign of low CO - ANSWER Hypotension, bradycardia is ominous sign in peds What is stroke volume influenced by - ANSWER afterload, preload, contractility Preload - ANSWER volume evaluated by CVP How to increase preload - ANSWER volume (blood/fluids), pressprs How to decrease preload - ANSWER diuretics What is afterload - ANSWER resistance to ventricular emptying, measured by systemic vascular resistance When is afterload decreased and how would you treat - ANSWER distributive shocks (neurogenic, septic, anaphylactic) and by vasodilators- give them vasopressors How would you decrease afterload - ANSWER vasodilators when is afterload increased - ANSWER HTN, shock compensation SNS stimulation releases what - ANSWER epinephrine, catecholamines, norepi-increases HR, vasoconstriction, pupil dilation,