NSG 3100 exam 4 Latest 2024/2025 questions and their correct answers

NSG 3100 exam 4 Latest 2024/2025 questions and their correct answers What is enuresis? - Answer Involuntary urination in children beyond the age when normal bladder control is established What is secondary enuresis? - Answer Child who has established proper bladder control for a period of 6 months, but who has since lapsed back to wetting the bed What factors may cause secondary enuresis? (4) - Answer 1. Constipation 2. Stress 3. Illness 4. Poor daytime voiding habits A decrease in kidney function puts the patient at risk for what? - Answer Toxicity from medication if excretion rates are longer The most noticeable changes with age are related to what? - Answer Bladder (urgency & frequency) What causes changes in urinary urgency & frequency in men? - Answer Enlarged prostate gland What causes changes in urinary urgency & frequency in women? - Answer Weakened muscles supporting the bladder and of the urethral sphincter after menopause (results from decreased estrogen levels) What interventions could be done to help the patient have more consistent urination? (5) - Answer 1. Medications 2. Surgery 3. Behavioral training 4. Safe/easy access to bathroom 5. Habit training (scheduled time) Urinary habits depend on what? (3) - Answer 1. Social cultural 2. Personal habits 3. Physical abilities Which factors affect urination? (7) - Answer 1. Developmental 2. Psychosocial 3. Fluid & food intake 4. Medications 5. Muscle tone 6. Pathologic conditions 7. Surgical & diagnostic procedures Urinary elimination is affected by what? (5) - Answer 1. Kidneys 2. Ureters 3. Bladder 4. Urethra 5. Pelvic floor How do medications affect urination? - Answer 1. Meds affecting ANS cause retention 2. Diuretics increase urine formation by preventing reabsorption of water & electrolytes How does muscle tone affect urination? - Answer Muscle tone is needed to maintain the stretch & contractility of the detrusor muscle so the bladder can fill & empty completely What is the difference between ? - Answer Stress: loss of urine control during activities that increase intra-abdominal pressure (coughing, sneezing, laughing, or exercise) Urge: a sudden strong urge to void, followed by a rapid bladder contraction What is overflow incontinence? - Answer Inability to empty bladder completely, resulting in a constant dribbling of urine or frequency in urination How does alcohol increase urination? - Answer Inhibits the production of ADH What is the average daily fluid output for an adult? (mL) - Answer 1,400-1,500 mL What is the average daily fluid intake for an adult? (mL) - Answer 1,200-1,500 mL How much fluid are adults SUPPOSED to intake? (mL) - Answer 2,500 mL What is insensible fluid loss? - Answer The amount of fluid lost on a daily basis from the lungs, skin, respiratory tract, and water excreted in the feces; the exact amount cannot be measured What is obligatory water loss? - Answer Fluid loss that is required to maintain normal body function; necessary for temp regulation and elimination of waste products How much fluid is lost through obligatory losses daily? (mL) - Answer 1,300 mL How often do infants urinate a day? - Answer Around 20 times How often does a school-aged child urinate? - Answer 6-8 times a day How does ADH increase water reabsorption into the blood? (5) - Answer 1. Blood osmolality increases 2. Osmoreceptors in hypothalamus stimulate posterior pituitary to secrete ADH 3. ADH increases distal tubule permeability 4. Increase of water reabsorption of H2O 5. Urine output decreases How does ADH decrease water reabsorption into the blood? - Answer 1. Blood osmolality decreases 2. ADH is 3. ADH causes distal tubule to become less permeable to water 4. Decrease of water reabsorption of H2O 5. Urine output increases Whats the normal range for urine specific gravity - Answer 1.005-1.030 True or False: When testing for fecal occult blood, a green color indicates a guaiac positive result. - Answer False, should be blue How do you obtain a sterile urine specimen from a patient with an indwelling catheter? - Answer Use a syringe to withdraw urine from the catheter tubing An x-ray of the abdomen visualizing the kidneys, ureters, and bladder is known as what? - Answer KUB What is an echcardiogram? - Answer Visualization of the structures of the heart by using ultrasound What does MRI stand for? - Answer Magnetic Resonance Imaging Thoracentesis is removal of fluid from where? - Answer Pleural space A noninvasive method of estimating bladder volume would be what? - Answer Bladder scanner Your urine should smell like what? - Answer Aromatic What is normal BUN levels? - Answer 10-20 What is the normal urine output per hour? - Answer 30 mL Urge incontinence is due to what? - Answer An overactive bladder Stress incontinence is when what? - Answer Urine leaks when you laugh, cough, or sneeze The presence of ketones in the urine indicates what? - Answer Rapid breakdown of fat What is the normal creatinine level for males? - Answer 0.6-1.2 mg/dL Why should you void immediately after sex? - Answer To avoid getting a UTI True or False: CAUTI's are reimbursed by medicare/medicaid. - Answer False After seeing the flow of urine through the tube, how much further should you insert the foley catheter? - Answer 5cm (2in) How much space should you leave from the tip of the penis and the drainage tube when applying a condom catheter? - Answer 1 inch What is the purpose of a straight catheter? - Answer To empty the bladder and then it is removed The purpose of a three way foley after a TURP is to what? - Answer Irrigate A nurse is inserting a foley in a female and obtains clear urine, what happens next? - Answer Advance catheter another 2 inches (5 cm) Where should fully indwelling catheter drainage bag be positioned after insertion of catheter? - Answer Lower than the level of the bladder How far should you insert an enema? - Answer 7-10 cm (3-4 inches) When trading a colostomy appliance, cut the opening in the skin barrier no more than ____ larger than the stoma - Answer 1/8 inch True or False: The best time to change a pouching system is 2-4 hours after meals - Answer True What medications may cause urinary retention? (7, hint: "anti-") - Answer 1. Anticholinergic 2. Antidepressants & Antipsychotic 3. Antihistamines 4. Antihypertensives 5. Antiparkinson's 6. Beta-adrenergic blockers 7. Opioids What is polyuria (diuresis)? - Answer Abnormally large amounts of urine produced by the kidney's What is polydipsia? - Answer Excessive fluid intake What is polyuria (diuresis) indicative of? (4) - Answer 1. Diabetes 2. Nephritis 3. Polydipsia 4. Caffeine & alcohol What is oliguria? - Answer Low urine output (less than 500 cc/30 mL) What is oliguria indicative of? (4) - Answer 1. Low fluid intake 2. Impaired blood flow to kidneys 3. Renal failure 4. Hypotension & heart failure What is anuria? - Answer Lack of urine production What factors are associated with incontinence? (6) - Answer 1. Bladder inflammation 2. Mobility impairment 3. Cognitive impairment 4. Retention 5. Anesthesia & Surgery 6. Medications How would you describe normal urine output? (color, odor, and pH) - Answer Color: straw, amber, transparent Odor: faint aromatic pH: 4.5-8 Concentrated urine has a lower/higher specific gravity; Diluted urine has a lower/higher specific gravity - Answer Higher, Lower True or False: It is normal to find ketones in urine? - Answer False. Ketones in the urine are indicative of the breakdown of fatty acids in urine When may we expect to see ketones present in the urine? - Answer Patients with uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, in starvation, or excessive aspirin ingestion True or False: It is normal to find glucose in urine? - Answer False: Glucose in the urine is indicative of blood glucose higher than 180 mg/dL What conditions may result with bl