NURS 6501 ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
MIDTERM 4 LATEST VERSIONS 2024 -2025 EACH
VERSION WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
MIDTERM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS / NURS 6501 MIDTERM EXAM
WALDEN UNIVERSITY| GRADE A+
How are cells specialized? – ANSWER Through the process of differentiation or maturation
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? - ANSWER Movement, Conductivity,
Metabolic Absorption, Secretion, Excretion, Respiration, Reproduction, and Communication
What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? - ANSWER The plasma
membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
What causes the release of lysosomal enzymes? - ANSWER Cellular injury causing cellular
self-digestion
What is the location and function of the nucleus? - ANSWER The largest membrane-bound
organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions of the nucleus are cell
division and control of genetic information.
What is Cytoplasm? - ANSWER An aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space between the
nucleus and the plasma membrane.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? - ANSWER A network of
tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It specializes in
the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? – ANSWER A network of smooth membranes
and vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and
packaging proteins into secretory vesicles
What are lysosomes and what do they do? – ANSWER Saclike structures that originate from the
Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for digesting most
cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
What are peroxisomes? – ANSWER Involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen
peroxide
Importance of proteins in disease - ANSWER The major workhorses of the cell, if misfolded
they can cause diseases
, What are mitochondria responsible for? - ANSWER. Mitochondria contain the metabolic
machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
What is the cytoskeleton? - ANSWER The "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal skeleton
is composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments
(microfilaments).
What is the plasma membrane? – ANSWER Encloses the cell and, by controlling the movement
of substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways
What is signal transduction? – ANSWER The transfer of molecular signals from the exterior to
the interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? – ANSWER Protein homeostasis and is
defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of ribosomes (makers),
chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems. Malfunction of these
systems is associated with disease.
What do protein receptors do? - ANSWER On the plasma membrane; enable the cell to interact
with other cells and with extracellular substances
What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? – ANSWER
(1) The extracellular membrane,
(2) Cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and
(3) Specialized cell junctions.
What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? – ANSWER
(1) Fibrous structural proteins (collagen and elastin),
(2) Adhesive glycoproteins, and
(3) Proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement, and
differentiation.
How do cells communicate? – ANSWER
(1) They form protein channels (gap junctions);
(2) They display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical
contact;
(3) They use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
How is intercellular signaling done? – ANSWER contact-dependent, paracrine, hormonal,
neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
What is ATP? – ANSWER Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active
transport.
What is anabolism? - ANSWER Energy-using process of metabolism
MIDTERM 4 LATEST VERSIONS 2024 -2025 EACH
VERSION WITH QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
MIDTERM QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
ANSWERS / NURS 6501 MIDTERM EXAM
WALDEN UNIVERSITY| GRADE A+
How are cells specialized? – ANSWER Through the process of differentiation or maturation
What are the eight specialized cellular functions? - ANSWER Movement, Conductivity,
Metabolic Absorption, Secretion, Excretion, Respiration, Reproduction, and Communication
What are the three general components of an eukaryotic cell? - ANSWER The plasma
membrane, the cytoplasm, and the intracellular organelles.
What causes the release of lysosomal enzymes? - ANSWER Cellular injury causing cellular
self-digestion
What is the location and function of the nucleus? - ANSWER The largest membrane-bound
organelle and is found usually in the cell's center. The chief functions of the nucleus are cell
division and control of genetic information.
What is Cytoplasm? - ANSWER An aqueous solution (cytosol) that fills the space between the
nucleus and the plasma membrane.
What is the endoplasmic reticulum and what does it specialize in? - ANSWER A network of
tubular channels (cisternae) that extend throughout the outer nuclear membrane. It specializes in
the synthesis and transport of protein and lipid components of most of the organelles
What is the Golgi complex and what does it do? – ANSWER A network of smooth membranes
and vesicles located near the nucleus. The Golgi complex is responsible for processing and
packaging proteins into secretory vesicles
What are lysosomes and what do they do? – ANSWER Saclike structures that originate from the
Golgi complex and contain digestive enzymes. These enzymes are responsible for digesting most
cellular substances to their basic form, such as amino acids, fatty acids, and carbohydrates
What are peroxisomes? – ANSWER Involved in the production and breakdown of hydrogen
peroxide
Importance of proteins in disease - ANSWER The major workhorses of the cell, if misfolded
they can cause diseases
, What are mitochondria responsible for? - ANSWER. Mitochondria contain the metabolic
machinery necessary for cellular energy metabolism (Makes ATP).
What is the cytoskeleton? - ANSWER The "bone and muscle" of the cell. The internal skeleton
is composed of a network of protein filaments, including microtubules and actin filaments
(microfilaments).
What is the plasma membrane? – ANSWER Encloses the cell and, by controlling the movement
of substances across it, exerts a powerful influence on metabolic pathways
What is signal transduction? – ANSWER The transfer of molecular signals from the exterior to
the interior of a cell. If not done apoptosis occurs
What is protein regulation and what is it composed of? – ANSWER Protein homeostasis and is
defined by the proteostasis network. This network is composed of ribosomes (makers),
chaperones (helpers), and protein breakdown or proteolytic systems. Malfunction of these
systems is associated with disease.
What do protein receptors do? - ANSWER On the plasma membrane; enable the cell to interact
with other cells and with extracellular substances
What means accomplish cell-to-cell adhesions? – ANSWER
(1) The extracellular membrane,
(2) Cell adhesion molecules in the cell's plasma membrane, and
(3) Specialized cell junctions.
What makes up the extracellular matrix and what does it do? – ANSWER
(1) Fibrous structural proteins (collagen and elastin),
(2) Adhesive glycoproteins, and
(3) Proteoglycans and hyaluronic acid. The matrix helps regulate cell growth, movement, and
differentiation.
How do cells communicate? – ANSWER
(1) They form protein channels (gap junctions);
(2) They display receptors that affect intracellular processes or other cells in direct physical
contact;
(3) They use receptor proteins inside the target cell.
How is intercellular signaling done? – ANSWER contact-dependent, paracrine, hormonal,
neurohormonal, and neurotransmitter.
What is ATP? – ANSWER Adenosine Triphosphate - ENERGY - is required for active
transport.
What is anabolism? - ANSWER Energy-using process of metabolism
