UPDATE(2024-2024)3
VERSIONS|BRAND NEW EXAM
QUESTIONS AND(100%) CORRECT
ANSWERS ALL GRADED
A+|GUARANTEED SUCCESS
CNS Depressants Action - ANSWER✅✅Increase GABA which slows brain activity
CNS Depressants Class of Drugs - ANSWER✅✅benzodiazepines, barbiturates, sleep
aids, opioids, and alcohol
CNS Stimulants Action - ANSWER✅✅Increasee CNS activity by releasing
catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine)
CNS Stimulants Class of Drugs - ANSWER✅✅amphetamines, cocaine, nicotine, and
caffeine
,Hallucinogens Action - ANSWER✅✅affect acetylcholine in the parasympathetic
nervous system, also dopamine, serotonin, and epinephrine
Hallucinogens Class of Drug - ANSWER✅✅LSD, mushrooms, MDMA, ketamine,
spice
Cannabis action - ANSWER✅✅Cannabinoid receptors THC and CBD
Inhalants action - ANSWER✅✅suppressing CNS
Inhalants class of drugs - ANSWER✅✅gases, aerosols, and volatile solvents (nitrates
work as vasodilators)
Performance-enhancing drugs action and class - ANSWER✅✅anabolic steroids that
activate androgen receptors and increase calcium levels
Substance withdrawal - ANSWER✅✅The state experienced with the reduction or
cessation of a substance that has been misused for a period of time
Substance-induced mental disorder - ANSWER✅✅when use of a substance creates
behavior similar to that of a mental health disorder such as depression, anxiety, or
psychosis (hallucinations/delirium)
DSM-5 Criteria for SUD (11) - ANSWER✅✅Amount
Control
Time
Cravings
Obligations
Social
Importance
Risk
Harm
Tolerance
Withdrawal
The 5 Stages of SUD - ANSWER✅✅1. Abstinence
2. Experimental Use
3. Social Use (Mild SUD)
4. Abuse (Moderate SUD)
5. Chemical Dependency/Addiction (Severe SUD)
Psychological dependence - ANSWER✅✅Cravings, urges, and the desire for
substance use
Physical dependence - ANSWER✅✅the result of brain changes due to drug use,
where the brain starts to require the heightened state of activity produced by the
drug and therefore creates physical reactions when the drug is absent
,Dependency - ANSWER✅✅a brain disease characterized by an uncontrollable
desire to consume increased quantities of a psychoactive substance
Tolerance - ANSWER✅✅requiring an increased amount of the substance to attain
the desired effect
Behavioral tolerance - ANSWER✅✅when individuals display behaviors that mask
the effects of substance use from others, including changes in disposition, attitude,
or speech associated with psychoactive substance intoxication
Dispositional or metabolic tolerance - ANSWER✅✅when a person's body tries to
accelerate metabolism to rid itself of chemically toxic substances creating the need
for more and more of the substance to be consumed
Cross-tolerance - ANSWER✅✅when people become tolerant of psychoactive
substances in the same pharmaceutical family as those previously tolerated (heroin
to other opioids)
Pharmacodynamic tolerance or cellular-adaptive tolerance - ANSWER✅✅when
neurotransmitters are altered so that the brain has become desensitized to the
substance which lessens the effects
Reverse tolerance - ANSWER✅✅when a person becomes more sensitive to the
substance because the substance has harmed neuronal activity (alcohol and liver
damage)
Select tolerance - ANSWER✅✅when some effects of a drug are experienced and
others are not (euphoric feeling gone but affects other parts of the body)
4 Stages of Withdrawal - ANSWER✅✅1. Stage 1 within hours, varies by substance
2. Stage 2 intensification of symptoms (body aches, sleep disturbances, depression,
tremors, and anxiety)
3. Stage 3 Post-Acute sharp peak and then a decline in symptoms can last weeks or
months and may need a medical professional (insomnia, emotional lability, memory
impairment, and anxiety)
4. Post-Acute Withdrawal can last months to years and affects biopsychosocial
functioning (memory impairment, difficulty thinking clearly, mood swings, cravings,
anhedonia, suicidal ideation, fatigue, muscle aches, social withdrawal, and pain
sensitivity)
Anhedonia - ANSWER✅✅inability to experience pleasure
Medical detox is required when... - ANSWER✅✅detoxing from alcohol and
benzodiazepines
3 steps of detox management - ANSWER✅✅1. Screening, assessment, evaluation
, 2. stabilization
3. treatment engagement
What passes through the blood-brain barrier easily? - ANSWER✅✅fat-soluble
substances (alcohol, cocaine)
Half-life - ANSWER✅✅duration of time it takes for half of the substance to be
eliminated from the body
Metabolism - ANSWER✅✅process through which a substance is eliminated from
the body
Peripheral nervous system - ANSWER✅✅somatic and autonomic nervous system
The primary neurotransmitter of the parasympathetic nervous system is -
ANSWER✅✅acetylcholine (inhibiting)
The primary neurotransmitter of the sympathetic nervous system -
ANSWER✅✅norepinephrine (excitatory)
Amygdala - ANSWER✅✅emotion, motivation, and memory formation in relation to
the stress and fear response, most relevant in the withdrawal experience
Reticular activating system - ANSWER✅✅responsible for an individual's state of
arousal
Basal ganglia - ANSWER✅✅motivation, movement-related functions, and habit
formation (pleasure/reward pathways)
Cerebellum - ANSWER✅✅coordination, posture, motor skills, and movement
Prefrontal cortex - ANSWER✅✅thinking, planning, problem solving (especially
relevant in adolescents)
Hypothalamus - ANSWER✅✅hormone production and sends hormones via
pituitary gland (regulates the body's stress response)
Neurons - ANSWER✅✅specialized cell that sends and receives biochemical
information made up of the dendrites, axon, and soma
Synapses - ANSWER✅✅deliver neurotransmitters such as dopamine and serotonin
from neuron to neuron
Dendrites - ANSWER✅✅receive synaptic inputs from axons
Axon - ANSWER✅✅part of the brain cell that determines whether or not a neuron
will be fired to signal the release of a neurotransmitter