©SIRJOEL EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NYSTCE ESOL CST (116) Exam Study
Guide.
Intonation - Answers✔the way the voice rises and falls in speech
morpheme - Answers✔the smallest unit of meaning in a language
Abraham Maslow - Answers✔developed hierarchy of needs, which theorized to be the
unconscious desires that motivate people
subordinating conjunction - Answers✔joins a dependent clause to an independent clause to
which it is related
voiceless sounds - Answers✔sounds made without vibrating the vocal cords
Howard Gardner - Answers✔created the theory of multiple intelligences; proposed that using a
person's area of giftedness to demonstrate intellect will help learners achieve their potential
independent (or main) clause - Answers✔a clause that can stand alone as it's own sequence
one-word stage - Answers✔stage of language acquisition; characterized by a child's use of a
single word to convey a full meaning
humor stage - Answers✔stage of acculturation; when students start to come to terms with their
circumstances and move toward acceptance of their new culture
SIFE - Answers✔Students with Interrupted Formal Education
labial consonant sound - Answers✔sound produced by the top and bottom lips coming together
(m)
gerund phrase - Answers✔phrase that begins with a gerund (verbs that end in -ing and act as
nouns)
connotation - Answers✔the emotional association of a word
helping verb - Answers✔verb that indicates tense (when the action occurred)
, ©SIRJOEL EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Woodcock-Muñoz Language Survey - Answers✔an individually administered assessment that
measures cognitive aspects of language proficiency in the form of vocabulary usage, verbal
analogies, and letter-word identification
Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) - Answers✔an oral-based approach to language instruction
developed by linguists and behavior psychologists; teaches the target language through repetition
phonetics - Answers✔the study of the production of sounds in speech
silent way - Answers✔teaching method based on the idea that language learning should be much
like problem-solving and discovery learning; teachers are as silent as possible during lessons in
order to promote student participation and experimentation and to concentrate on learning over
teaching
dependent (or subordinate) clause - Answers✔a clause that cannot stand alone as its own
sentence
inferential item - Answers✔a piece of information that requires the test taker to read between the
lines in order to determine what an author is implying
communicative competence - Answers✔the ability to speak a language both appropriately in a
social context as well as correctly in terms of rules and structure
two-word stage - Answers✔stage of language acquisition; children begin to learn words and use
word combinations
early stage of literacy development - Answers✔characterized by the learner's use of multiple
strategies to predict and understand words
intermediate fluency - Answers✔fourth stage of second-language acquisition; learners have
acquired a vocabulary of about 6,000 words and are able to speak in more complex sentences
and correct many of their own errors
free morpheme - Answers✔a morpheme that can stand on its own
literal item - Answers✔information that refers directly back to the content of the reading material
where the answer is defined word by word
monitor hypothesis - Answers✔knowledge that is gained through formal learning that can be
used to monitor speech but is not useful in spontaneous speech
validity - Answers✔indicated how well an assessment measures what it is intended to measure; a
test is not considered valid if it is not reliable
scaffold - Answers✔the support that allows a child to work above their independent level and is
gradually removed as the learner gains mastery
, ©SIRJOEL EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
positive behavioral support - Answers✔a social learning approach that assumes all persistent
behavior choices are logical, so a persistent misbehavior must serve some purpose
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) - Answers✔language needed for academic
work and study
natural order hypothesis - Answers✔one of the five hypotheses of the monitor model; posits that
language is attained in a foreseeable pattern by all learners
classic conditioning - Answers✔learning a response to stimuli or the environment
assimilation - Answers✔when a speech sound changes due to the influence of nearby sounds
passive voice - Answers✔a sentence construction in which the subject of the sentence is
receiving the action of the main verb
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) - Answers✔social skills students use in
everyday life when socializing on the playground, in the cafeteria, and outside the school
norm referenced - Answers✔a test that measures students in comparison with other students of
the same age
integrative services - Answers✔a system where all agencies are working in cooperation, and the
clients - ELLs and their families - have access to a streamlined and connected range of needed
assistance
Lau v. Nichols - Answers✔This 1974 Supreme Court ruled that the San Francisco Unified
School District had denied Chinese-speaking students' rights to equal educational opportunities;
the ruling stated that schools receiving federal funds must provide programs to address the
language needs of non-English-speaking students.
total physical response (TPR) - Answers✔an instructional method that provides students,
particularly beginning language learners, with the opportunity to acquire language skills by
listening to and following spoken comands
bound morpheme - Answers✔a morpheme that must be attached to a word to have meaning
sociolinguistics - Answers✔the study of language and its relation to society and culture
sheltered instruction - Answers✔provides ELLs with access to appropriate, grade-level content
while supporting their need for ongoing language instruction
Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado - Answers✔1973 Supreme Court decision
ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, giving Latino students the same rights ascribed to desegregation
as had only previously been given to African American students
, ©SIRJOEL EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
infinitive phrase - Answers✔a verbal phrase that may act as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb
extrinsic motivation - Answers✔motivation driven by external rewards
English Language Proficiency (ELP) standards - Answers✔identify the target language
development skills an English learner is expected to meet in the context of instruction that is
appropriately scaffolded for optimal learning
discourse competence - Answers✔the ability to effectively arrange smaller units of language like
phrases and sentences into cohesive works like letters, speeches, conversations, and articles
clause - Answers✔contains both a subject and a predicate
relative pronoun - Answers✔a pronoun that begins a dependent clause (e.g. "which" - I live in
Texas, which is a big state.)
utterances - Answers✔speech acts of one or more words that contain a single idea and are
surrounded on both sides by silence
indirect teaching - Answers✔student-centered instruction in which the teacher facilitates
opportunities for students to construct their own learning
linguistic relativism - Answers✔the belief that language only partially influences human thought
and action
WIDA - Answers✔(World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment) a consortium of states
that promotes research, standards, and professional development to support ELLs in academics
and language learning
thematic unit - Answers✔integrating curricula across content areas under a general theme
antecedent - Answers✔the noun a pronoun replaces
cloze procedure - Answers✔the practice of omitting words from the text as a reading
comprehension activity
differentiation - Answers✔providing curriculum for students based on their individual needs,
including learning styles and level
induction - Answers✔process by which learners figure out the rules of the language as they
acquire speaking and listening skills, learning through a combined process of imitation and trial
and error
listening guides - Answers✔statements or questions that provide instructional focus when
listening to a lecture or other form of auditory instruction
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
NYSTCE ESOL CST (116) Exam Study
Guide.
Intonation - Answers✔the way the voice rises and falls in speech
morpheme - Answers✔the smallest unit of meaning in a language
Abraham Maslow - Answers✔developed hierarchy of needs, which theorized to be the
unconscious desires that motivate people
subordinating conjunction - Answers✔joins a dependent clause to an independent clause to
which it is related
voiceless sounds - Answers✔sounds made without vibrating the vocal cords
Howard Gardner - Answers✔created the theory of multiple intelligences; proposed that using a
person's area of giftedness to demonstrate intellect will help learners achieve their potential
independent (or main) clause - Answers✔a clause that can stand alone as it's own sequence
one-word stage - Answers✔stage of language acquisition; characterized by a child's use of a
single word to convey a full meaning
humor stage - Answers✔stage of acculturation; when students start to come to terms with their
circumstances and move toward acceptance of their new culture
SIFE - Answers✔Students with Interrupted Formal Education
labial consonant sound - Answers✔sound produced by the top and bottom lips coming together
(m)
gerund phrase - Answers✔phrase that begins with a gerund (verbs that end in -ing and act as
nouns)
connotation - Answers✔the emotional association of a word
helping verb - Answers✔verb that indicates tense (when the action occurred)
, ©SIRJOEL EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
Woodcock-Muñoz Language Survey - Answers✔an individually administered assessment that
measures cognitive aspects of language proficiency in the form of vocabulary usage, verbal
analogies, and letter-word identification
Audio-Lingual Method (ALM) - Answers✔an oral-based approach to language instruction
developed by linguists and behavior psychologists; teaches the target language through repetition
phonetics - Answers✔the study of the production of sounds in speech
silent way - Answers✔teaching method based on the idea that language learning should be much
like problem-solving and discovery learning; teachers are as silent as possible during lessons in
order to promote student participation and experimentation and to concentrate on learning over
teaching
dependent (or subordinate) clause - Answers✔a clause that cannot stand alone as its own
sentence
inferential item - Answers✔a piece of information that requires the test taker to read between the
lines in order to determine what an author is implying
communicative competence - Answers✔the ability to speak a language both appropriately in a
social context as well as correctly in terms of rules and structure
two-word stage - Answers✔stage of language acquisition; children begin to learn words and use
word combinations
early stage of literacy development - Answers✔characterized by the learner's use of multiple
strategies to predict and understand words
intermediate fluency - Answers✔fourth stage of second-language acquisition; learners have
acquired a vocabulary of about 6,000 words and are able to speak in more complex sentences
and correct many of their own errors
free morpheme - Answers✔a morpheme that can stand on its own
literal item - Answers✔information that refers directly back to the content of the reading material
where the answer is defined word by word
monitor hypothesis - Answers✔knowledge that is gained through formal learning that can be
used to monitor speech but is not useful in spontaneous speech
validity - Answers✔indicated how well an assessment measures what it is intended to measure; a
test is not considered valid if it is not reliable
scaffold - Answers✔the support that allows a child to work above their independent level and is
gradually removed as the learner gains mastery
, ©SIRJOEL EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
positive behavioral support - Answers✔a social learning approach that assumes all persistent
behavior choices are logical, so a persistent misbehavior must serve some purpose
Cognitive Academic Language Proficiency (CALP) - Answers✔language needed for academic
work and study
natural order hypothesis - Answers✔one of the five hypotheses of the monitor model; posits that
language is attained in a foreseeable pattern by all learners
classic conditioning - Answers✔learning a response to stimuli or the environment
assimilation - Answers✔when a speech sound changes due to the influence of nearby sounds
passive voice - Answers✔a sentence construction in which the subject of the sentence is
receiving the action of the main verb
Basic Interpersonal Communication Skills (BICS) - Answers✔social skills students use in
everyday life when socializing on the playground, in the cafeteria, and outside the school
norm referenced - Answers✔a test that measures students in comparison with other students of
the same age
integrative services - Answers✔a system where all agencies are working in cooperation, and the
clients - ELLs and their families - have access to a streamlined and connected range of needed
assistance
Lau v. Nichols - Answers✔This 1974 Supreme Court ruled that the San Francisco Unified
School District had denied Chinese-speaking students' rights to equal educational opportunities;
the ruling stated that schools receiving federal funds must provide programs to address the
language needs of non-English-speaking students.
total physical response (TPR) - Answers✔an instructional method that provides students,
particularly beginning language learners, with the opportunity to acquire language skills by
listening to and following spoken comands
bound morpheme - Answers✔a morpheme that must be attached to a word to have meaning
sociolinguistics - Answers✔the study of language and its relation to society and culture
sheltered instruction - Answers✔provides ELLs with access to appropriate, grade-level content
while supporting their need for ongoing language instruction
Keyes v. School District No. 1, Denver, Colorado - Answers✔1973 Supreme Court decision
ruled in favor of the plaintiffs, giving Latino students the same rights ascribed to desegregation
as had only previously been given to African American students
, ©SIRJOEL EXAM SOLUTIONS 2024/2025
ALL RIGHTS RESERVED.
infinitive phrase - Answers✔a verbal phrase that may act as a noun, an adjective, or an adverb
extrinsic motivation - Answers✔motivation driven by external rewards
English Language Proficiency (ELP) standards - Answers✔identify the target language
development skills an English learner is expected to meet in the context of instruction that is
appropriately scaffolded for optimal learning
discourse competence - Answers✔the ability to effectively arrange smaller units of language like
phrases and sentences into cohesive works like letters, speeches, conversations, and articles
clause - Answers✔contains both a subject and a predicate
relative pronoun - Answers✔a pronoun that begins a dependent clause (e.g. "which" - I live in
Texas, which is a big state.)
utterances - Answers✔speech acts of one or more words that contain a single idea and are
surrounded on both sides by silence
indirect teaching - Answers✔student-centered instruction in which the teacher facilitates
opportunities for students to construct their own learning
linguistic relativism - Answers✔the belief that language only partially influences human thought
and action
WIDA - Answers✔(World-Class Instructional Design and Assessment) a consortium of states
that promotes research, standards, and professional development to support ELLs in academics
and language learning
thematic unit - Answers✔integrating curricula across content areas under a general theme
antecedent - Answers✔the noun a pronoun replaces
cloze procedure - Answers✔the practice of omitting words from the text as a reading
comprehension activity
differentiation - Answers✔providing curriculum for students based on their individual needs,
including learning styles and level
induction - Answers✔process by which learners figure out the rules of the language as they
acquire speaking and listening skills, learning through a combined process of imitation and trial
and error
listening guides - Answers✔statements or questions that provide instructional focus when
listening to a lecture or other form of auditory instruction
