Microbiology Midterm Exam|246 Q’s and
A’s (Life University Microbiology 3rd
Quarter)
Define Micro- - -Less than 1mm and cannot see with the naked eye
Need a microscope to see
Microbes, microorganisms, germs, bugs
- What are the 5 groups of microorganisms studied? - -Bacteria--most
famous
Virus--2nd
Fungus--3rd
Protozoa--some but few
Algae--not a human pathogen
- What generates 1/2 of the O2 that we breathe and would make life
impossible without? - -Microbes
- What is the smallest simplest single-celled organism? - -Bacteria
- What is not a cell, can't live by itself and needs to invade a cell? - -Virus
- What are the two different classification of fungus? - -Molds and yeast--
micro
Mushrooms--Macro
- What is a mostly single-celled organism that is Animal like? - -Protozoa
- What are parasites? - -Different organisms that range from worms, insects
and protozoa that need a host to survive
- What are the different applied microbiology fields of study - -Immunology
Epidemiology--control spread of disease
Food Micro--relationship between bacteria, food and drink
Agriculture Micro--relationship between bacteria and crop
Industrial Micro--microbes to produce vitamins, AA, Enzymes, etc.
- Eukaryotic cells are... - -more complete
- Prokaryotic cells are... - -all micro organisms and lack a nucleus
- Characteristics of microorganisms - -Small size
Unicellular simplicity
High Growth rate
,Adaptability
- microscope - -instrument used for enlargement of small objects
- simple microscope - -single lens and a few working parts. not strong
- compound microscope - -2 magnifying lenses, a visible light sours, a
condenser which collects light to direct toward the object
- magnification - -capacity of an optical system to enlarge small objects
- ocular lens - -one we look through. 10X
- objective lens - -4 different, 4X, 10X, 40X, 100X
- What is resoltion? - -Capacity of optical systems to distinguish or separate
2 adjacent objects/points from each other. represents clarity of image
- Types of microscope? - -Light--visible light, bright field, dark field, phase
contrast, diff interference
Ultraviolet--florescence
Electron--scanning, transmission
- what type of microscope do we use in the lab? - -bright field light
microscope
- how does a microscope work? - -light source is on the bottom. The light
travels from the lamp, hits the condenser lents which collects light and
points it toward the object. the light passes through the objective lens and
the real image of the object forms behind the ocular lens. the image we see
is the virtual image after it asses through the ocular lens and is at the total
magnification
- Highest magnification for all light microscopes? - -2,000X and 200 nm
resolution
- eubacteria - -the common bacteria of the 2 types. (-) WITH cell walls, (+)
WITH cell walls, and no cell wall (mycoplasm)
- archebacteria - -less common type of bacteria. do not produce
peptidoglycan and can live in extreme environments
- appendages - -attached to bacteria on one side, the other side is "free"
- motility appendages - -flagella and axial filaments
, - flagella - -for motility and self propulsion. found mostly in gram negative
bacteria. provide a smooth forward movement
- structure of flagella - -made of protein with 3 distinct parts: filament, hook,
basal body (inside and has 4 rings and a rod that rotate)
- axial filament - -wrap around the cell and cause spiral like movements. has
only two parts: a long thin microfibril inserted into a hook.
- attachment appendages - -fimbriae and pili
- fimbriae - -short appendages that allow bacteria to attach to bacteria
- pili - -long appendages are found in gram negative bacteria and are useful
when mating
- cell envelope - -the bacterial surface (glycocalyx), the cell wall, cell
membrane
- glycocalyx/bacterial surface - -this layer is a coating to protect the cell. two
types
- slime layer - -type of glycocalyx that protects bacteria from loss of water
and nutrients and loosely bound to the bacteria
- capsule - -thick, gummy consistency. It is tightly bound to the bacteria and
is not easily washed off
- cell wall - -the layer beneath the glycocalyx and provides the cell with
structure. It determines the shape of the bacterium from bursting or
collapsing from changes in pressure. ESSENTIAL for bacterial survival
- peptidogylcan - -provides the protective quality of the cell wall. rigid.
compose of long glycol chains. forms a meshwork.
- gram positive cell wall - -purple. thick sheet with peptidoglycan and tightly
bound polysaccharides. has a lot of peptidoglycan which binds to the purple
die
- gram negative cell wall - -pink. small amounts of peptidoglycan and there
is a large space between the peptidoglycan and the outer membrane
- Gram Staining - -1. crystal violet (both will turn purple. gram + will have
more precipitin on cell wall bc more peptidoglycan)
2. grams iodine (not a stain. binding agent)
3. alcohol (washes color off gram -. too much is bound to gram + to wash off)
A’s (Life University Microbiology 3rd
Quarter)
Define Micro- - -Less than 1mm and cannot see with the naked eye
Need a microscope to see
Microbes, microorganisms, germs, bugs
- What are the 5 groups of microorganisms studied? - -Bacteria--most
famous
Virus--2nd
Fungus--3rd
Protozoa--some but few
Algae--not a human pathogen
- What generates 1/2 of the O2 that we breathe and would make life
impossible without? - -Microbes
- What is the smallest simplest single-celled organism? - -Bacteria
- What is not a cell, can't live by itself and needs to invade a cell? - -Virus
- What are the two different classification of fungus? - -Molds and yeast--
micro
Mushrooms--Macro
- What is a mostly single-celled organism that is Animal like? - -Protozoa
- What are parasites? - -Different organisms that range from worms, insects
and protozoa that need a host to survive
- What are the different applied microbiology fields of study - -Immunology
Epidemiology--control spread of disease
Food Micro--relationship between bacteria, food and drink
Agriculture Micro--relationship between bacteria and crop
Industrial Micro--microbes to produce vitamins, AA, Enzymes, etc.
- Eukaryotic cells are... - -more complete
- Prokaryotic cells are... - -all micro organisms and lack a nucleus
- Characteristics of microorganisms - -Small size
Unicellular simplicity
High Growth rate
,Adaptability
- microscope - -instrument used for enlargement of small objects
- simple microscope - -single lens and a few working parts. not strong
- compound microscope - -2 magnifying lenses, a visible light sours, a
condenser which collects light to direct toward the object
- magnification - -capacity of an optical system to enlarge small objects
- ocular lens - -one we look through. 10X
- objective lens - -4 different, 4X, 10X, 40X, 100X
- What is resoltion? - -Capacity of optical systems to distinguish or separate
2 adjacent objects/points from each other. represents clarity of image
- Types of microscope? - -Light--visible light, bright field, dark field, phase
contrast, diff interference
Ultraviolet--florescence
Electron--scanning, transmission
- what type of microscope do we use in the lab? - -bright field light
microscope
- how does a microscope work? - -light source is on the bottom. The light
travels from the lamp, hits the condenser lents which collects light and
points it toward the object. the light passes through the objective lens and
the real image of the object forms behind the ocular lens. the image we see
is the virtual image after it asses through the ocular lens and is at the total
magnification
- Highest magnification for all light microscopes? - -2,000X and 200 nm
resolution
- eubacteria - -the common bacteria of the 2 types. (-) WITH cell walls, (+)
WITH cell walls, and no cell wall (mycoplasm)
- archebacteria - -less common type of bacteria. do not produce
peptidoglycan and can live in extreme environments
- appendages - -attached to bacteria on one side, the other side is "free"
- motility appendages - -flagella and axial filaments
, - flagella - -for motility and self propulsion. found mostly in gram negative
bacteria. provide a smooth forward movement
- structure of flagella - -made of protein with 3 distinct parts: filament, hook,
basal body (inside and has 4 rings and a rod that rotate)
- axial filament - -wrap around the cell and cause spiral like movements. has
only two parts: a long thin microfibril inserted into a hook.
- attachment appendages - -fimbriae and pili
- fimbriae - -short appendages that allow bacteria to attach to bacteria
- pili - -long appendages are found in gram negative bacteria and are useful
when mating
- cell envelope - -the bacterial surface (glycocalyx), the cell wall, cell
membrane
- glycocalyx/bacterial surface - -this layer is a coating to protect the cell. two
types
- slime layer - -type of glycocalyx that protects bacteria from loss of water
and nutrients and loosely bound to the bacteria
- capsule - -thick, gummy consistency. It is tightly bound to the bacteria and
is not easily washed off
- cell wall - -the layer beneath the glycocalyx and provides the cell with
structure. It determines the shape of the bacterium from bursting or
collapsing from changes in pressure. ESSENTIAL for bacterial survival
- peptidogylcan - -provides the protective quality of the cell wall. rigid.
compose of long glycol chains. forms a meshwork.
- gram positive cell wall - -purple. thick sheet with peptidoglycan and tightly
bound polysaccharides. has a lot of peptidoglycan which binds to the purple
die
- gram negative cell wall - -pink. small amounts of peptidoglycan and there
is a large space between the peptidoglycan and the outer membrane
- Gram Staining - -1. crystal violet (both will turn purple. gram + will have
more precipitin on cell wall bc more peptidoglycan)
2. grams iodine (not a stain. binding agent)
3. alcohol (washes color off gram -. too much is bound to gram + to wash off)
