PCCN CARDIAC EXAM NEWEST 2024 ACTUAL EXAM COMPLETE 200
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
|ALREADY GRADED A+
Integrilin (eptifibatide) - (answer)antiplatelet agent, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor. Tx acute coronary
syndrome (ACS)
BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) - (answer)release when myocardium is stretched
Calcium Channel Blockers - (answer)Calcium channel blockers prevent calcium from entering cells of the
heart and blood vessel walls, resulting in lower blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers, also called
calcium antagonists, relax and widen blood vessels by affecting the muscle cells in the arterial walls.
Thus, by blocking the entry of calcium, calcium channel blockers reduce electrical conduction within the
heart, decrease the force of contraction (work) of the muscle cells, and dilate arteries. Dilation of the
arteries reduces blood pressure and thereby the effort the heart must exert to pump blood.
By dilating the arteries, calcium channel blockers or CCBs reduce the pressure in the arteries. This makes
it easier for the heart to pump blood, and, as a result, the heart needs less oxygen. By reducing the
heart's need for oxygen, calcium channel blockers relieve or prevent angina.
,The calcium channel blockers available in the U. S. are:
amlodipine (Norvasc),
diltiazem (Cardizem LA, Tiazac),
felodipine (Plendil),
isradipine (Dynacirc),
nifedipine (Adalat, Procardia),
nicardipine (Cardene),
nimodipine (Nimotop),
nisoldipine (Sular), and
verapamil (Covera-HS, Verelan PM, Calan).67
Cardiac output equation - (answer)Cardiac output is the product of the heart rate (HR), or the number of
heart beats per minute (bpm), and the stroke volume (SV), which is the volume of blood pumped from
the ventricle per beat; thus, CO = HR × SV. Values for cardiac output are usually denoted as L/min.
Preload - (answer)volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
Streptokinase - (answer)thrombolytic- dissolves blood clot
,Polycythemia - (answer)A disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood
cells in the blood
pericardial effusion - (answer)a collection of fluid between the pericardial sac and the myocardium
Chylothorax - (answer)a condition marked by lymphatic fluid in the pleural space caused by a leak in the
thoracic duct.
Dyspnea - (answer)difficult or labored breathing
Beta 1 adreceptors - (answer)predominant receptor found on the heart
Beta 2 receptors - (answer)lungs
adrenergic receptors - (answer)receptor sites for the sympathetic neurotransmitters norepinephrine and
epinephrine: alpha 1, alpha2 , beta 1, beta 2
Nesiritide (Natrecor) - (answer)Vasodilator used in acute CHF resembling brain natriuretic peptide
, Cricoid Pressure (Sellick Maneuver) - (answer)Pressure applied to the cricoid ring to minimize air entry
into the esophagus during positive pressure ventilation
ETT - (answer)endotracheal intubation
Adenosine - (answer)-Antiarrhythmic
-Increase K+ out of cells hyperpolarizing the cell and increasing intracellular Ca2+.
-Drug of choice in diagnosing/abolishing supraventricular tachycardia. Very short acting (~ 15 sec).
Effects blunted by theophylline and caffeine (both are adenosine receptor antagonists).
Afterload - (answer)resistance to left ventricular ejection
Ventricular remodeling - (answer)(1) Progressive myocyte (myocardial cell) contractile dysfunction over
time; results from activation of the renin-angiotensin system caused by reduced blood flow to the
kidneys, a common occurrence in low-output states; (2) after a myocardial infarction, permanent
changes in the size and shape of the left ventricle due to scar tissue; such remodeling may decrease left
ventricular function, cause heart failure, and increase morbidity and mortality.
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS (VERIFIED ANSWERS)
|ALREADY GRADED A+
Integrilin (eptifibatide) - (answer)antiplatelet agent, glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitor. Tx acute coronary
syndrome (ACS)
BNP (brain natriuretic peptide) - (answer)release when myocardium is stretched
Calcium Channel Blockers - (answer)Calcium channel blockers prevent calcium from entering cells of the
heart and blood vessel walls, resulting in lower blood pressure. Calcium channel blockers, also called
calcium antagonists, relax and widen blood vessels by affecting the muscle cells in the arterial walls.
Thus, by blocking the entry of calcium, calcium channel blockers reduce electrical conduction within the
heart, decrease the force of contraction (work) of the muscle cells, and dilate arteries. Dilation of the
arteries reduces blood pressure and thereby the effort the heart must exert to pump blood.
By dilating the arteries, calcium channel blockers or CCBs reduce the pressure in the arteries. This makes
it easier for the heart to pump blood, and, as a result, the heart needs less oxygen. By reducing the
heart's need for oxygen, calcium channel blockers relieve or prevent angina.
,The calcium channel blockers available in the U. S. are:
amlodipine (Norvasc),
diltiazem (Cardizem LA, Tiazac),
felodipine (Plendil),
isradipine (Dynacirc),
nifedipine (Adalat, Procardia),
nicardipine (Cardene),
nimodipine (Nimotop),
nisoldipine (Sular), and
verapamil (Covera-HS, Verelan PM, Calan).67
Cardiac output equation - (answer)Cardiac output is the product of the heart rate (HR), or the number of
heart beats per minute (bpm), and the stroke volume (SV), which is the volume of blood pumped from
the ventricle per beat; thus, CO = HR × SV. Values for cardiac output are usually denoted as L/min.
Preload - (answer)volume of blood in ventricles at end of diastole
Streptokinase - (answer)thrombolytic- dissolves blood clot
,Polycythemia - (answer)A disorder characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red blood
cells in the blood
pericardial effusion - (answer)a collection of fluid between the pericardial sac and the myocardium
Chylothorax - (answer)a condition marked by lymphatic fluid in the pleural space caused by a leak in the
thoracic duct.
Dyspnea - (answer)difficult or labored breathing
Beta 1 adreceptors - (answer)predominant receptor found on the heart
Beta 2 receptors - (answer)lungs
adrenergic receptors - (answer)receptor sites for the sympathetic neurotransmitters norepinephrine and
epinephrine: alpha 1, alpha2 , beta 1, beta 2
Nesiritide (Natrecor) - (answer)Vasodilator used in acute CHF resembling brain natriuretic peptide
, Cricoid Pressure (Sellick Maneuver) - (answer)Pressure applied to the cricoid ring to minimize air entry
into the esophagus during positive pressure ventilation
ETT - (answer)endotracheal intubation
Adenosine - (answer)-Antiarrhythmic
-Increase K+ out of cells hyperpolarizing the cell and increasing intracellular Ca2+.
-Drug of choice in diagnosing/abolishing supraventricular tachycardia. Very short acting (~ 15 sec).
Effects blunted by theophylline and caffeine (both are adenosine receptor antagonists).
Afterload - (answer)resistance to left ventricular ejection
Ventricular remodeling - (answer)(1) Progressive myocyte (myocardial cell) contractile dysfunction over
time; results from activation of the renin-angiotensin system caused by reduced blood flow to the
kidneys, a common occurrence in low-output states; (2) after a myocardial infarction, permanent
changes in the size and shape of the left ventricle due to scar tissue; such remodeling may decrease left
ventricular function, cause heart failure, and increase morbidity and mortality.
